Towards graphene biosensors
For the first time, a team of scientists has succeeded in precisely measuring and controlling the thickness of an organic compound that has been bound to a graphene layer. This might enable graphene to be used as a sensitive detector for biological molecules in the future.
The illustration shows how maleimide compounds bind to the graphene surface. The graphene monolayer lies on a thin film of silicon nitride (red) that in turn is on a quartz microbalance (blue) and can be subjected to a potential via a gold contact (yellow).
Marc A. Gluba/HZB
Pure carbon occurs in many forms. Besides the classical configurations found in diamonds, graphite, and coal, there are other younger exotic cousins such as graphene. Its structure resembles a honeycomb – a hexagonal mesh with a carbon atom at every corner – that is only a single atomic layer thick. Hence, it is essentially two-dimensional. As a result, graphene is extremely conductive, completely transparent, and quite resilient both chemically and mechanically.
Graphene is not very selective
It has long been known that graphene is also fundamentally suited to detecting traces of organic molecules. This is because the electrical conductivity of graphene drops as soon as foreign molecules bind to it. The problem, though, is that this happens with almost every molecule. Graphene is not very selective, which makes it very difficult to differentiate molecules. Therefore, it cannot be used as a sensor.
Now, mounting brackets for detector molecules attached
Now a team from the HZB Institute for Silicon Photovoltaics has found a way to increase the selectivity. They were successful in electrochemically activating graphene and preparing it to host molecules that act as selective binding sites. To accomplish this, para-maleimidophenyl groups from an organic solution were grafted to the surface of the graphene. These organic molecules behave like mounting brackets to which the selective detector molecules can be attached in the next step. “Thanks to these molecules, the graphene can now be employed for detecting various substances similar to how a key fits a lock”, explains Dr. Marc Gluba. The “lock” molecules on the surface are highly selective and only absorb the matching “key” molecules.
Large graphene surfaces at HZB
Other research groups had also carried out experiments along these lines. However, they only had tiny graphene flakes with diameters in the microns available to them, so that edge effects predominated. Meanwhile, physicists and chemists at HZB produced graphene surfaces several square centimeters in size so that edge effects play hardly any role in comparison to the surface processes. Then, they transferred the graphene layer to a quartz crystal microbalance. Any increase in mass alters the oscillatory frequency of the quartz crystal that even small amounts right down to individual molecular layers can be measured.
Precise detection and control
“For the first time, we were able to precisely and accurately detect how many molecules actually were grafted to the surface of the graphene”, reports junior researcher Felix Rösicke, who investigated this problem for his doctoral dissertation. “In addition, we can precisely control how many molecules bind to the graphene by adjusting an applied voltage”, explains Dr. Jörg Rappich from the HZB Institute for Silicon Photovoltaics, Rösicke’s advisor.
“The hopes we have for graphene are really enormous”, says Prof. Norbert Nickel, head of the research team. For example, one thing you could imagine would be a really inexpensive "lab-on-a-chip” – you would apply a single drop of blood and immediately obtain data for important
medical diagnostics.
Original publication
Other news from the department science
![[Fe]-hydrogenase catalysis visualized using para-hydrogen-enhanced nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy](https://img.chemie.de/Portal/News/675fd46b9b54f_sBuG8s4sS.png?tr=w-712,h-534,cm-extract,x-0,y-16:n-xl)
These products might interest you
SprayMaster inspex by LaVision
Quality Control for Your Spraying Process Through Digital Spray and Particle Analysis
Reliable, Automated, Digital - The Geometry Measurement of Your Spraying Process in Real Time
VEGAPULS | VEGABAR | VEGASWING by VEGA Grieshaber
Cyber-safe level measurement - here's how it works
Find out more about the unique sensor for liquid and solid media
FireSting-PRO by PyroScience
New fiber optic measuring device: Precise measurements even in the smallest volumes
Measure pH, oxygen and temperature even under sterile conditions
Get the chemical industry in your inbox
From now on, don't miss a thing: Our newsletter for the chemical industry, analytics, lab technology and process engineering brings you up to date every Tuesday and Thursday. The latest industry news, product highlights and innovations - compact and easy to understand in your inbox. Researched by us so you don't have to.
Most read news
More news from our other portals
See the theme worlds for related content
Topic world Sensor technology
Sensor technology has revolutionized the chemical industry by providing accurate, timely and reliable data across a wide range of processes. From monitoring critical parameters in production lines to early detection of potential malfunctions or hazards, sensors are the silent sentinels that ensure quality, efficiency and safety.
Topic world Sensor technology
Sensor technology has revolutionized the chemical industry by providing accurate, timely and reliable data across a wide range of processes. From monitoring critical parameters in production lines to early detection of potential malfunctions or hazards, sensors are the silent sentinels that ensure quality, efficiency and safety.
