Cheaper catalytic converter meets modern engines
Less platinum needed
As cars become more fuel efficient, less heat is wasted in the exhaust, which makes it harder to clean up the pollutants being emitted. Researchers at Washington State University, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory and the University of New Mexico have created a catalyst capable of reducing pollutants at the lower temperatures expected in advanced engines. Their work presents a new way to create a more powerful catalyst while using smaller amounts of platinum -- the most expensive component of emission-control catalysts.
Researchers at WSU, PNNL and the University of New Mexico have developed a better catalyst for catalytic converters that change vehicle pollutants to relatively benign forms of nitrogen, carbon dioxide and water. The catalyst, which uses single atoms of platinum on a cerium oxide surface, is stable at the high exhaust temperatures of a working engine but is active at the lower "cold-start" temperatures of today's more efficient engines.
Cortland Johnson, PNNL
Catalysts have been an integral part of diesel- and gasoline-powered engines since the mid-1970s when federal regulations began requiring reductions of carbon monoxide, hydrocarbons and nitrogen oxides. Catalytic converters convert the pollutants to benign gases such as nitrogen, carbon dioxide and water.
The researchers addressed the daunting challenge of designing a catalyst that could endure engine exhaust temperatures of up to nearly 750 degrees Celsius encountered under high engine loads. Yet the catalyst would still have to work when an engine is started cold and must clean up the exhaust before reaching 150 degrees Celsius -- more than 100 degrees Celsius less than current systems.
The lower operating temperatures during cold start are due to increasing fuel efficiency in advanced combustion engines, which leaves less energy in the tailpipe exhaust, said Abhaya Datye, a distinguished professor at the University of New Mexico's Department of Chemical & Biological Engineering and study co-author.
The recent findings grew out of a collaboration between research groups led by Yong Wang, who holds a joint appointment in Washington State University's Gene and Linda Voiland School of Chemical Engineering and Bioengineering and the Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, and Datye's catalysis group at New Mexico.
The work builds on research, published in Science last year, in which the Wang and Datye groups found a novel way to trap and stabilize individual platinum atoms on the surface of cerium oxide, a commonly used component in emissions control catalysts. The so-called single-atom catalyst uses platinum more efficiently while remaining stable at high temperatures. Platinum typically trades at prices close to or even greater than gold.
For their latest paper, the researchers steam-treated the catalyst at 750 degrees Celsius. This made the already stable catalyst become very active at the low cold-start temperatures.
"We were able to meet the challenges of both the high-temperature stability and the low-temperature activity," Wang said. The work was funded by the U.S. Department of Energy. The research is in keeping with WSU's Grand Challenges, a suite of research initiatives aimed at large societal issues. It is particularly relevant to the challenge of sustainable resources and its theme of energy.
Original publication
Nie, Lei and Mei, Donghai and Xiong, Haifeng and Peng, Bo and Ren, Zhibo and Hernandez, Xavier Isidro Pereira and DeLaRiva, Andrew and Wang, Meng and Engelhard, Mark H. and Kovarik, Libor and Datye, Abhaya K. and Wang, Yong; "Activation of surface lattice oxygen in single-atom Pt/CeO2 for low-temperature CO oxidation"; Science; 2017
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