Affordable and available technologies can curb rising nitrous oxide emissions
Researchers from IIASA and the University of Maryland in the US have found that nitrous oxide, a potent greenhouse gas and stratospheric ozone-depleting substance, could be readily abated with existing technology applied to industrial sources.
When greenhouse gases are released into the atmosphere, they trap the heat from the sun, leading to a warming planet. In terms of emissions, nitrous oxide is third among greenhouse gases, topped only by carbon dioxide and methane. Also known as laughing gas, it has a global warming potential nearly 300 times that of carbon dioxide and stays in the atmosphere for more than 100 years. It also destroys the protective ozone layer in the stratosphere, so reducing nitrous oxide emissions provides a double benefit for the environment and humanity.
“The urgency of climate change requires that all greenhouse gas emissions be abated as quickly as is technologically and economically feasible,” said Eric Davidson, lead author of the study published in Nature Climate Change and a professor with the University of Maryland Center for Environmental Science. “Limiting nitrous oxide in an agricultural context is complicated but mitigating it in industry is affordable and available right now. Here is a low-hanging fruit that we can pluck quickly.”
Nitrous oxide concentrations in the atmosphere have increased at an accelerating rate in recent decades, mostly from increasing agricultural emissions, which contribute about two-thirds of the global human-caused nitrous oxide. However, agricultural sources are challenging to reduce. In contrast, for the industry and energy sectors, low-cost technologies already exist to reduce nitrous oxide emissions to nearly zero.
Industrial nitrous oxide emissions from the chemical industry are primarily by-products from the production of adipic acid (used in the production of nylon) and nitric acid (used to make nitrogen fertilizers, adipic acid, and explosives). Emissions also come from fossil fuel combustion in power plants, industry, and internal combustion engines used in road and non-road vehicles, including cars and trucks.
“We know that abatement is feasible and affordable. The European Union’s emissions trading system made it financially attractive to companies to remove nitrous oxide emissions in all adipic acid and nitric acid plants,” said coauthor Wilfried Winiwarter, a senior researcher in the Pollution Management Research Group of the IIASA Energy, Climate, and Environment Program. “The German government is also helping to fund abatement of nitrous oxide emissions from nitric acid plants in several low-income and middle-income countries.”
According to the authors, the private sector could also play a key role in nitrous oxide emissions reduction, encouraged by trends in consumer preferences for purchasing climate-friendly products. For example, 65% of the nitrous emissions embodied in nylon products globally are used in passenger cars and light vehicles. In addition, automobile manufacturers could require supply chains to source nylon exclusively from plants that deploy efficient nitrous oxide abatement technology.
“Reducing global warming needs efforts from everyone,” Winiwarter adds. “Here also industry is called to demonstrate their willingness to take responsibility, by readily introducing efficient and cost-effective abatement.”
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