Water (data page)

This page provides supplementary chemical data on water.

Additional recommended knowledge

Essential Laboratory Skills Guide

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What is the Sensitivity of my Balance?

Structure and properties

Thermodynamic properties

Liquid Physical Properties

Water/steam equilibrium properties

Vapor pressure formula for steam in equilibrium with liquid water:^[7]

log₁₀(P) = A − B / (T – C)

where P is equilibrium vapor pressure in kPa, and T is temperature in kelvins.

for T = 273 K to 333 K: A = 7.2326; B = 1750.286; C = 38.1

for T = 333 K to 423 K: A = 7.0917; B = 1668.21; C = 45.1

Data in the table above is given for water-steam equilibria at various temperatures over the entire temperature range at which liquid water can exist. Pressure of the equilibrium is given in the second column in kPa. The third column is the heat content of each gram of the liquid phase relative to water at 0 °C. The fourth column is the heat of vaporization of each gram of liquid that changes to vapor. The fifth column is the PV work done by each gram of liquid that changes to vapor. The sixth column is the density of the vapor.

Melting point of ice at various pressures

Data obtained from CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics 44th ed., p2390

Spectral data

Additional data translated from German "Wasser (Stoffdaten)" page

The data that follows was copied and translated from the German language Wikipedia version of this page. It provides supplementary physical, thermodynamic, and vapor pressure data, some of which is redundant with data in the tables above, and some of which is additional.

Physical and thermodynamic tables

In the following tables, values are temperature dependent and to a lesser degree pressure dependent, and are arranged by state of aggregation (s=solid, lq=liquid, g=gas), which are clearly a function of temperature and pressure. All of the data were computed from data given in "Formulation of the Thermodynamic Properties of Ordinary Water Substance for Scientific and General Use" (1984). This applies to:

• T - temperature in degrees Celsius
• V - specific volume in decimeter³ per kilogram (1 dm³ is equivalent to 1 liter)
• H - specific enthalpy in kJ per kilogram
• U - internal energy in kJ per kilogram
• S - specific entropy in kJ per kilogram-kelvin
• c_p - specific (constant pressure) heat capacity in kJ per kilogram-kelvin
• γ - Thermal expansion coefficient as 10^–3 per kelvin
• λ - Heat conductivity in milliwatt per meter-kelvin
• η - Viscosity in micropascal-seconds (1 cP = 1000 µPa·s)
• σ - surface tension in millinewtons per meter (equivalent to dyn/cm)

Standard conditions

In the following table, material data are given for standard pressure of 0.1 MPa (equivalent to 1 bar). Up to 99.63 °C (the boiling point of water at 0.1 MPa), at this pressure water exists as a liquid. Above that, it exists as water vapor. Note that the boiling point of 100.0 °C is at a pressure of 0.101325 MPa (1 atm), which is the average atmospheric pressure.

Triple point

In the following table, material data are given with a pressure of 611.7 Pa (equivalent to 0.006117 bar). Up to a temperature of 0.01 °C, the triple point of water, water normally exists as ice, except for supercooled water, for which one data point is tabulated here. At the triple point, ice can exist together with both liquid water and vapor. At higher temperatures, the data is for water vapor only.

Saturated vapor pressure

The following table is based on different, complementary sources and approximation formulas, whose values are of various quality and accuracy. The values in the temperature range of –100 °C to 100 °C were inferred from D. Sunday (1982) and are quite uniform and exact. The values in the temperature range of the boiling point of the water up to the critical point (100 °C to 374 °C), are drawn from different sources and are substantially less accurate, hence they should be understood and used also only as approximate values.^{[9][10][11][12]}

To use the values correctly, consider the following points:

• The values apply only to smooth interfaces and in the absence other gases or gas mixtures such as air. Hence they apply only to pure phases and need a correction factor for systems in which air is present.
• The values were not computed according formulas widely used in the US, but using somewhat more exact formulas (see below), which can also be used to compute further values in the appropriate temperature ranges.
• The saturated vapor pressure over water in the temperature range of –100 °C to –50 °C is only extrapolated [Translator's note: Supercooled liquid water is not known to exist below –42 °C].
• The values have various units (Pa, hPa or bar), which must be considered when reading them.

Formulas

The table values for –100 °C to 100 °C were computed by the following formulas, where T is in kelvins and vapor pressures, P_w and P_i, are in pascals.

Over liquid water

log_e(P_w)  =  –6094.4642 T^–1 + 21.1249952 – 2.724552×10^–2 T + 1.6853396×10^–5 T² + 2.4575506 log_e(T)

For temperature range: 173.15 K to 373.15 K or equivalently –100 °C to 100 °C

Over ice

log_e(P_i)  =  –5504.4088 T^–1 – 3.5704628 – 1.7337458×10^–2 T + 6.5204209×10^–6 T² + 6.1295027 log_e(T)

For temperature range: 173.15 K to 273.15 K or equivalently –100 °C to 0 °C

At triple point

An important basic value, which is not registered in the table, is the saturated vapor pressure at the triple point of water. The internationally accepted value according to measurements of Guildner, Johnson and Jones (1976) amounts to:

P_w(t_tp  =  0.01 °C)  =  611.657 Pa ± 0.010 Pa at (1-α)  =  99%

References

• NIST Chemistry WebBook
• Cook, R.L, Lucia, F.C.D, & Helminger, P. 1974, J. Mol. Spectrosc., 53, 62.

1. ^ CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 44th ed. p 2623
2. ^ P. Maksyutenko, T. R. Rizzo, and O. V. Boyarkin, Journal of Chemical Physics 125, 181101 (2006)
3. ^ Griffiths, D. J. "Introduction to Electrodynamics," 3rd Ed. page 275. Prentice Hall, 1999
4. ^ Lange's Handbook of Chemistry, 10th ed. page 1199. Due to the old definition of liter used at the time, the data from the Handbook was converted from old g/ml to g/cm³, by multiplying by 0.999973
5. ^ CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 44th ed. page 2257
6. ^ Lange's Handbook of Chemistry, 10th ed. page 1663
7. ^ Lange's Handbook of Chemistry, 10th ed. page 1436
8. ^ Lange's Handbook of Chemistry, 10th ed. page 1476
9. ^ L.A. Guildner, D.P. Johnson und F.E. Jones (1976): Vapor pressure of Water at Its Triple Point. J. Res. NBS - A, Vol. 80A, No. 3, p. 505 - 521
10. ^ Klaus Scheffler (1981): Wasserdampftafeln: thermodynam. Eigenschaften von Wasser u. Wasserdampf bis 800°C u. 800 bar (Water Vapor Tables: Thermodynamic Characteristics of Water and Water Vapor to 800°C and 800 bar), Berlin [u.a.] ISBN 3-540-10930-7
11. ^ D. Sonntag und D. Heinze (1982): Sättigungsdampfdruck- und Sättigungsdampfdichtetafeln für Wasser und Eis. (Saturated Vapor Pressure and Saturated Vapor Density Tables for Water and Ice)(1. Aufl.), VEB Deutscher Verlag für Grundstoffindustrie
12. ^ Ulrich Grigull, Johannes Staub, Peter Schiebener (1990): Steam Tables in SI-Units - Wasserdampftafeln. Springer-Verlagdima gmbh

Disclaimer

Except where noted otherwise, data relate to standard ambient temperature and pressure.

Disclaimer applies.