Vapor pressures of the elements (data page)
<< Chemical elements data references
Additional recommended knowledge
Vapor pressure
| P/(Pa)
| 1
| 10
| 100
| 200
| 1 k
| 2 k
| 5 k
| 10 k
| 20 k
| 50 k
| 100 k
| 101325
|
| reference
|
| 1 H hydrogen
|
| use (T/K)
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| 15
|
|
| 20
|
|
| CRC.a (T/°C)
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| -258.6
|
|
| -252.8
|
|
| KAL (T/K)
|
|
|
| 10 (s)
| 11.4 (s)
| 12.2 (s)
| 13.4 (s)
| 14.5
| 16.0
| 18.2
|
| 20.3
|
| 2 He helium
|
| use (T/K)
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| 3
|
|
| 4
|
|
| CRC.b (T/°C)
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| -270.6
|
|
| -268.9
|
|
| KAL (T/K)
|
|
|
| 1.3
| 1.66
| 1.85
| 2.17
| 2.48
| 2.87
| 3.54
|
| 4.22
|
| 3 Li lithium
|
| use (T/K)
| 797
| 885
| 995
|
| 1144
|
|
| 1337
|
|
| 1610
|
|
| CRC.f,k (T/°C)
| 524.3
| 612.3
| 722.1
|
| 871.2
|
|
| 1064.3
|
|
| 1337.1
|
|
| CR2 | solid, 298 K to m.p.: log (P/Pa) = 10.673 - 8310 / (T/K)
|
| CR2 (T/K) | liquid, m.p. to 1000 K: log (P/Pa) = 10.061 - 8023 / (T/K)
|
| 797.4
| 885.4
| 995.3
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| KAL (T/K)
|
|
|
| 1040
| 1145
| 1200
| 1275
| 1345
| 1415
| 1530
|
| 1630
|
| SMI.a (T/K) | liquid, 325..725 °C: log (P/Pa) = 9.625 - 7480 / (T/K)
|
| 777
| 867
| 981
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| 4 Be beryllium
|
| use (T/K)
| 1462
| 1608
| 1791
|
| 2023
|
|
| 2327
|
|
| 2742
|
|
| CRC.b (T/°C)
| 1189 (s)
| 1335
| 1518
|
| 1750
|
|
| 2054
|
|
| 2469
|
|
| CR2 (T/K) | solid, 298 K to m.p.: log (P/Pa) = 13.048 - 17020 / (T/K) - 0.4440 log (T/K)
|
| 1461.8
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| CR2 (T/K) | liquid, m.p. to 1800 K: log (P/Pa) = 10.792 - 15731 / (T/K)
|
|
| 1606.5
| 1789.2
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| SMI.c,g (T/K) | solid, 942..1284 °C: log (P/Pa) = 12.115 - 18220 / (T/K)
|
| 1504
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| SMI.c,g (T/K) | liquid, 1284..1582 °C: log (P/Pa) = 11.075 - 16590 / (T/K)
|
|
| 1647
| 1828
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| 5 B boron
|
| use (T/K)
| 2348
| 2562
| 2822
|
| 3141
|
|
| 3545
|
|
| 4072
|
|
| CRC.b (T/°C)
| 2075
| 2289
| 2549
|
| 2868
|
|
| 3272
|
|
| 3799
|
|
| SMI.c (T/K) | solid, 1052..1648 °C: log (P/Pa) = 13.255 - 21370 / (T/K)
|
| 1612
| 1744
| 1899
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| 6 C carbon (graphite)
|
| use (T/K)
|
| 2839
| 3048
|
| 3289
|
|
| 3572
|
|
| 3908
|
|
| CRC.h (T/°C)
|
| 2566 (s)
| 2775 (s)
|
| 3016 (s)
|
|
| 3299 (s)
|
|
| 3635 (s)
|
|
| 7 N nitrogen
|
| use (T/K)
| 37
| 41
| 46
|
| 53
|
|
| 62
|
|
| 77
|
|
| CRC.a,d (T/°C)
| -236 (s)
| -232 (s)
| -226.8 (s)
|
| -220.2 (s)
|
|
| -211.1 (s)
|
|
| -195.9
|
|
| KAL (T/K)
|
|
|
| 48.1 (s)
| 53.0 (s)
| 55.4 (s)
| 59.0 (s)
| 62.1 (s)
| 65.8
| 71.8
|
| 77.4
|
| 8 O oxygen
|
| use (T/K)
|
|
|
|
| 61
|
|
| 73
|
|
| 90
|
|
| CRC.a,i (T/°C)
|
|
|
|
| -211.9
|
|
| -200.5
|
|
| -183.1
|
|
| KAL (T/K)
|
|
|
| 55.4
| 61.3
| 64.3
| 68.8
| 72.7
| 77.1
| 83.9
|
| 90.2
|
| 9 F fluorine
|
| use (T/K)
| 38
| 44
| 50
|
| 58
|
|
| 69
|
|
| 85
|
|
| CRC.a,d (T/°C)
| -235 (s)
| -229.5 (s)
| -222.9 (s)
|
| -214.8
|
|
| -204.3
|
|
| -188.3
|
|
| KAL (T/K)
|
|
|
| 53
| 58
| 61
| 65.3
| 68.9
| 73.0
| 79.3
|
| 85.0
|
| 10 Ne neon
|
| use (T/K)
| 12
| 13
| 15
|
| 18
|
|
| 21
|
|
| 27
|
|
| CRC.b (T/°C)
| -261 (s)
| -260 (s)
| -258 (s)
|
| -255 (s)
|
|
| -252 (s)
|
|
| -246.1
|
|
| KAL (T/K)
|
|
|
| 16.3 (s)
| 18.1 (s)
| 19.0 (s)
| 20.4 (s)
| 21.6 (s)
| 22.9 (s)
| 24.9
|
| 27.1
|
| 11 Na sodium
|
| use (T/K)
| 554
| 617
| 697
|
| 802
|
|
| 946
|
|
| 1153
|
|
| CRC.f,k (T/°C)
| 280.6
| 344.2
| 424.3
|
| 529
|
|
| 673
|
|
| 880.2
|
|
| CR2 | solid, 298 K to m.p.: log (P/Pa) = 10.304 - 5603 / (T/K)
|
| CR2 (T/K) | liquid, m.p. to 700 K: log (P/Pa) = 9.710 - 5377 / (T/K)
|
| 553.8
| 617.3
| 697.4
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| KAL (T/K)
|
|
|
| 729
| 807
| 846
| 904
| 954
| 1010
| 1095
|
| 1175
|
| SMI.a (T/K) | liquid, 158..437 °C: log (P/Pa) = 9.835 - 5480 / (T/K)
|
| 557
| 620
| 699
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| 12 Mg magnesium
|
| use (T/K)
| 701
| 773
| 861
|
| 971
|
|
| 1132
|
|
| 1361
|
|
| CRC.b (T/°C)
| 428 (s)
| 500 (s)
| 588 (s)
|
| 698
|
|
| 859
|
|
| 1088
|
|
| CR2 (T/K) | solid, 298 K to m.p.: log (P/Pa) = 13.495 - 7813 / (T/K) - 0.8253 log (T/K)
|
| 700.9
| 772.7
| 861.2
| 892.0
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| KAL (T/K)
|
|
|
| 891
| 979
| 1025
| 1085
| 1140
| 1205
| 1295
|
| 1375
|
| SMI.a (T/K) | solid, 287..605 °C: log (P/Pa) = 10.945 - 7741 / (T/K)
|
| 707
| 778
| 865
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| 13 Al aluminium
|
| use (T/K)
| 1482
| 1632
| 1817
|
| 2054
|
|
| 2364
|
|
| 2790
|
|
| CRC.b (T/°C)
| 1209
| 1359
| 1544
|
| 1781
|
|
| 2091
|
|
| 2517
|
|
| CR2 | solid, 298 K to m.p.: log (P/Pa) = 14.465 - 17342 / (T/K) - 0.7927 log (T/K)
|
| CR2 (T/K) | liquid, m.p. to 1800 K: log (P/Pa) = 10.917 - 16211 / (T/K)
|
| 1484.9
| 1634.7
| 1818.0
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| KAL (T/K)
|
|
|
| 1885
| 2060
| 2140
| 2260
| 2360
| 2430
| 2640
|
| 2790
|
| SMI.c,l (T/K) | liquid, 843..1465 °C: log (P/Pa) = 11.115 - 15630 / (T/K)
|
| 1406
| 1545
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| 14 Si silicon
|
| use (T/K)
| 1908
| 2102
| 2339
|
| 2636
|
|
| 3021
|
|
| 3537
|
|
| CRC.b (T/°C)
| 1635
| 1829
| 2066
|
| 2363
|
|
| 2748
|
|
| 3264
|
|
| KAL (T/K)
|
|
|
| 2380
| 2590
| 2690
| 2840
| 2970
| 3100
| 3310
|
| 3490
|
| SMI.c (T/K) | solid, 1024..1410 °C: log (P/Pa) = 12.325 - 19720 / (T/K)
|
| 1600
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| SMI.c (T/K) | liquid, 1410..1670 °C: log (P/Pa) = 11.675 - 18550 / (T/K)
|
|
| 1738
| 1917
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| 15 P phosphorus (white)
|
| use (T/K)
| 279
| 307
| 342
|
| 388
|
|
| 453
|
|
| 549
|
|
| CRC.c,e (T/°C)
| 6 (s)
| 34 (s)
| 69
|
| 115
|
|
| 180
|
|
| 276
|
|
| KAL (T/K)
|
|
|
| 365
| 398
| 414
| 439
| 460
| 484
| 520.5
|
| 553.6
|
| 15 P phosphorus (red)
|
| use (T/K)
| 455
| 489
| 529
|
| 576
|
|
| 635
|
|
| 704
|
|
| CRC.b,c (T/°C)
| 182 (s)
| 216 (s)
| 256 (s)
|
| 303 (s)
|
|
| 362 (s)
|
|
| 431 (s)
|
|
| 16 S sulfur
|
| use (T/K)
| 375
| 408
| 449
|
| 508
|
|
| 591
|
|
| 717
|
|
| CRC.c (T/°C)
| 102 (s)
| 135
| 176
|
| 235
|
|
| 318
|
|
| 444
|
|
| KAL (T/K)
|
|
|
| 462
| 505.7
| 528.0
| 561.3
| 590.1
| 622.5
| 672.4
|
| 717.8
|
| 17 Cl chlorine
|
| use (T/K)
| 128
| 139
| 153
|
| 170
|
|
| 197
|
|
| 239
|
|
| CRC.a (T/°C)
| -145 (s)
| -133.7 (s)
| -120.2 (s)
|
| -103.6 (s)
|
|
| -76.1
|
|
| -34.2
|
|
| KAL (T/K)
|
|
|
| 158 (s)
| 170 (s)
| 176.3
| 187.4
| 197.0
| 207.8
| 224.3
|
| 239.2
|
| 18 Ar argon
|
| use (T/K)
|
| 47
| 53
|
| 61
|
|
| 71
|
|
| 87
|
|
| CRC.a,d,l (T/°C)
|
| -226.4 (s)
| -220.3 (s)
|
| -212.4 (s)
|
|
| -201.7 (s)
|
|
| -186.0
|
|
| KAL (T/K)
|
|
|
| 55.0 (s)
| 60.7 (s)
| 63.6 (s)
| 67.8 (s)
| 71.4 (s)
| 75.4 (s)
| 81.4 (s)
|
| 87.3
|
| 19 K potassium
|
| use (T/K)
| 473
| 530
| 601
|
| 697
|
|
| 832
|
|
| 1029
|
|
| CRC.f,k (T/°C)
| 200.2
| 256.5
| 328
|
| 424
|
|
| 559
|
|
| 756.2
|
|
| CR2 | solid, 298 K to m.p.: log (P/Pa) = 9.967 - 4646 / (T/K)
|
| CR2 (T/K) | liquid, m.p. to 600 K: log (P/Pa) = 9.408 - 4453 / (T/K)
|
| 473.3
| 529.6
| 601.1
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| KAL (T/K)
|
|
|
| 633
| 704
| 740
| 794
| 841
| 894
| 975
|
| 1050
|
| SMI.a (T/K) | liquid, 91..338 °C: log (P/Pa) = 9.485 - 4503 / (T/K)
|
| 475
| 531
| 602
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| 20 Ca calcium
|
| use (T/K)
| 864
| 956
| 1071
|
| 1227
|
|
| 1443
|
|
| 1755
|
|
| CRC.b (T/°C)
| 591 (s)
| 683 (s)
| 798 (s)
|
| 954
|
|
| 1170
|
|
| 1482
|
|
| CR2 (T/K) | solid, 298 K to m.p.: log (P/Pa) = 15.133 - 9517 / (T/K) - 1.4030 log (T/K)
|
| 864.2
| 956.4
| 1071.5
| 1112.0
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| KAL (T/K)
|
|
|
| 1105
| 1220
| 1280
| 1365
| 1440
| 1525
| 1650
|
| 1765
|
| SMI.a (T/K) | 408..817 °C: log (P/Pa) = 10.425 - 9055 / (T/K)
|
| 869
| 961
| 1075
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| 21 Sc scandium
|
| use (T/K)
| 1645
| 1804
| (2006)
|
| (2266)
|
|
| (2613)
|
|
| (3101)
|
|
| CRC.c (T/°C)
| 1372 (s)
| 1531 (s)
| 1733 (i)
|
| 1993 (i)
|
|
| 2340 (i)
|
|
| 2828 (i)
|
|
| CR2 | solid, 298 K to m.p.: log (P/Pa) = 11.656 - 19721 / (T/K) + 0.2885 log (T/K) - 0.3663 (T/K)-3
|
| CR2 | liquid, m.p. to 2000 K: log (P/Pa) = 10.801 - 17681 / (T/K)
|
| SMI.c (T/K) | 1058..1804 °C: log (P/Pa) = 11.065 - 18570 / (T/K)
|
| 1678
| 1845
| 2049
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| 22 Ti titanium
|
| use (T/K)
| 1982
| 2171
| (2403)
|
| 2692
|
|
| 3064
|
|
| 3558
|
|
| CRC.b (T/°C)
| 1709
| 1898
| 2130 (e)
|
| 2419
|
|
| 2791
|
|
| 3285
|
|
| CR2 | solid, 298 K to m.p.: log (P/Pa) = 16.931 - 24991 / (T/K) - 1.3376 log (T/K)
|
| CR2 (T/K) | liquid, m.p. to 2400 K: log (P/Pa) = 11.364 - 22747 / (T/K)
|
| 2001.7
| 2194.8
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| SMI.c (T/K) | solid, 1134..1727 °C: log (P/Pa) = 10.375 - 18640 / (T/K)
|
| 1797
| 1988
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| SMI.c (T/K) | liquid, 1727..1965 °C: log (P/Pa) = 11.105 - 20110 / (T/K)
|
|
|
| 2209
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| 23 V vanadium
|
| use (T/K)
| 2101
| 2289
| 2523
|
| 2814
|
|
| 3187
|
|
| 3679
|
|
| CRC.b (T/°C)
| 1828 (s)
| 2016
| 2250
|
| 2541
|
|
| 2914
|
|
| 3406
|
|
| CR2 (T/K) | solid, 298 K to m.p.: log (P/Pa) = 14.750 - 27132 / (T/K) - 0.5501 log (T/K)
|
| 2099.6
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| CR2 (T/K) | liquid, m.p. to 2500 K: log (P/Pa) = 11.935 - 25011 / (T/K)
|
|
| 2287.2
| 2517.5
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| SMI.c (T/K) | 1465..2207 °C: log (P/Pa) = 12.445 - 26620 / (T/K)
|
| 2139
| 2326
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| 24 Cr chromium
|
| use (T/K)
| 1656
| 1807
| 1991
|
| 2223
|
|
| 2530
|
|
| 2942
|
|
| CRC.b (T/°C)
| 1383 (s)
| 1534 (s)
| 1718 (s)
|
| 1950
|
|
| 2257
|
|
| 2669
|
|
| CR2 | solid, 298 K to 2000 K: log (P/Pa) = 11.806 - 20733 / (T/K) + 0.4391 log (T/K) - 0.4094 (T/K)-3
|
| KAL (T/K)
|
|
|
| 2020
| 2180
| 2260
| 2370
| 2470
| 2580
| 2730
|
| 2870
|
| SMI.c,l (T/K) | solid, 907..1504 °C: log (P/Pa) = 12.005 - 17560 / (T/K)
|
| 1463
| 1596
| 1755
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| 25 Mn manganese
|
| use (T/K)
| 1228
| 1347
| 1493
|
| 1691
|
|
| 1955
|
|
| 2333
|
|
| CRC.b (T/°C)
| 955 (s)
| 1074 (s)
| 1220 (s)
|
| 1418
|
|
| 1682
|
|
| 2060
|
|
| CR2 (T/K) | solid, 298 K to m.p.: log (P/Pa) = 17.811 - 15097 / (T/K) - 1.7896 log (T/K)
|
| 1229.2
| 1346.6
| 1490.0
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| KAL (T/K)
|
|
|
| 1560
| 1710
| 1780
| 1890
| 1980
| 2080
| 2240
|
| 2390
|
| SMI.c (T/K) | 717..1251 °C: log (P/Pa) = 11.375 - 14100 / (T/K)
|
| 1240
| 1359
| 1504
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| 26 Fe iron
|
| use (T/K)
| 1728
| 1890
| 2091
|
| 2346
|
|
| 2679
|
|
| 3132
|
|
| CRC.b (T/°C)
| 1455 (s)
| 1617
| 1818
|
| 2073
|
|
| 2406
|
|
| 2859
|
|
| CR2 | solid, 298 K to m.p.: log (P/Pa) = 12.106 - 21723 / (T/K) + 0.4536 log (T/K) - 0.5846 (T/K)-3
|
| CR2 (T/K) | liquid, m.p. to 2100 K: log (P/Pa) = 11.353 - 19574 / (T/K)
|
|
| 1890.7
| 2092.8
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| KAL (T/K)
|
|
|
| 2110
| 2290
| 2380
| 2500
| 2610
| 2720
| 2890
|
| 3030
|
| SMI.c,f (T/K) | solid, 1094..1535 °C: log (P/Pa) = 11.755 - 20000 / (T/K)
|
| 1701
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| SMI.c,f (T/K) | liquid, 1535..1783 °C: log (P/Pa) = 12.535 - 21400 / (T/K)
|
|
| 1855
| 2031
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| 27 Co cobalt
|
| use (T/K)
| 1790
| 1960
| 2165
|
| 2423
|
|
| 2755
|
|
| 3198
|
|
| CRC.b (T/°C)
| 1517
| 1687
| 1892
|
| 2150
|
|
| 2482
|
|
| 2925
|
|
| CR2 | solid, 298 K to m.p.: log (P/Pa) = 15.982 - 22576 / (T/K) - 1.0280 log (T/K)
|
| CR2 (T/K) | liquid, m.p. to 2150 K: log (P/Pa) = 11.494 - 20578 / (T/K)
|
| 1790.3
| 1960.9
| 2167.5
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| SMI.c (T/K) | 1249..2056 °C: log (P/Pa) = 11.555 - 21960 / (T/K)
|
| 1900
| 2081
| 2298
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| 28 Ni nickel
|
| use (T/K)
| 1783
| 1950
| 2154
|
| 2410
|
|
| 2741
|
|
| 3184
|
|
| CRC.b (T/°C)
| 1510
| 1677
| 1881
|
| 2137
|
|
| 2468
|
|
| 2911
|
|
| CR2 | solid, 298 K to m.p.: log (P/Pa) = 15.563 - 22606 / (T/K) - 0.8717 log (T/K)
|
| CR2 (T/K) | liquid, m.p. to 2150 K: log (P/Pa) = 11.672 - 20765 / (T/K)
|
| 1779.0
| 1945.7
| 2146.9
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| KAL (T/K)
|
|
|
| 2230
| 2410
| 2500
| 2630
| 2740
| 2860
| 3030
|
| 3180
|
| SMI.c,q | solid, 1157..1455 °C: log (P/Pa) = 12.405 - 21840 / (T/K)
|
| SMI.c,q (T/K) | liquid, 1455..1884 °C: log (P/Pa) = 11.675 - 20600 / (T/K)
|
| 1764
| 1930
| 2129
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| 29 Cu copper
|
| use (T/K)
| 1509
| 1661
| 1850
|
| 2089
|
|
| 2404
|
|
| 2836
|
|
| CRC.b (T/°C)
| 1236
| 1388
| 1577
|
| 1816
|
|
| 2131
|
|
| 2563
|
|
| CR2 | solid, 298 K to m.p.: log (P/Pa) = 14.129 - 17748 / (T/K) - 0.7317 log (T/K)
|
| CR2 (T/K) | liquid, m.p. to 1850 K: log (P/Pa) = 10.855 - 16415 / (T/K)
|
| 1512.2
| 1665.7
| 1853.8
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| KAL (T/K)
|
|
|
| 1940
| 2110
| 2200
| 2320
| 2420
| 2540
| 2710
|
| 2860
|
| SMI.c,f | solid, 946..1083 °C: log (P/Pa) = 11.935 - 18060 / (T/K)
|
| SMI.c,f (T/K) | liquid, 1083..1628 °C: log (P/Pa) = 10.845 - 16580 / (T/K)
|
| 1529
| 1684
| 1875
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| 30 Zn zinc
|
| use (T/K)
| 610
| 670
| 750
|
| 852
|
|
| 990
|
|
| (1185)
|
|
| CRC.b (T/°C)
| 337 (s)
| 397 (s)
| 477
|
| 579
|
|
| 717
|
|
| 912 (e)
|
|
| CR2 (T/K) | solid, 298 K to m.p.: log (P/Pa) = 11.108 - 6776 / (T/K)
|
| 610.0
| 670.4
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| CR2 (T/K) | liquid, m.p. to 750 K: log (P/Pa) = 10.384 - 6286 / (T/K)
|
|
|
| 749.8
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| KAL (T/K)
|
|
|
| 780
| 854
| 891
| 945
| 991
| 1040
| 1120
|
| 1185
|
| SMI.a (T/K) | solid, 211..405 °C: log (P/Pa) = 11.065 - 6744 / (T/K)
|
| 609
| 670
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| 31 Ga gallium
|
| use (T/K)
| 1310
| 1448
| 1620
|
| 1838
|
|
| 2125
|
|
| 2518
|
|
| CRC.b (T/°C)
| 1037
| 1175
| 1347
|
| 1565
|
|
| 1852
|
|
| 2245
|
|
| CR2 | solid, 298 K to m.p.: log (P/Pa) = 11.663 - 14208 / (T/K)
|
| CR2 (T/K) | liquid, m.p. to 1600 K: log (P/Pa) = 11.760 - 13984 / (T/K) - 0.3413 log (T/K)
|
| 1307.4
| 1444.4
| 1613.8
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| KAL (T/K)
|
|
|
| 1665
| 1820
| 1900
| 2000
| 2100
| 2200
| 2350
|
| 2480
|
| SMI.c (T/K) | liquid, 771..1443 °C: log (P/Pa) = 9.915 - 13360 / (T/K)
|
| 1347
| 1499
| 1688
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| 32 Ge germanium
|
| use (T/K)
| 1644
| 1814
| 2023
|
| 2287
|
|
| 2633
|
|
| 3104
|
|
| CRC.b (T/°C)
| 1371
| 1541
| 1750
|
| 2014
|
|
| 2360
|
|
| 2831
|
|
| SMI.c (T/K) | 897..1635 °C: log (P/Pa) = 10.065 - 15150 / (T/K)
|
| 1505
| 1671
| 1878
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| 33 As arsenic
|
| use (T/K)
| 553
| 596
| 646
|
| 706
|
|
| 781
|
|
| 874
|
|
| CRC.c (T/°C)
| 280 (s)
| 323 (s)
| 373 (s)
|
| 433 (s)
|
|
| 508 (s)
|
|
| 601 (s)
|
|
| KAL (T/K)
|
|
|
| 656 (s)
| 701 (s)
| 723 (s)
| 754 (s)
| 780 (s)
| 808 (s)
| 849 (s)
|
| 883 (s)
|
| 34 Se selenium
|
| use (T/K)
| 500
| 552
| 617
|
| 704
|
|
| 813
|
|
| 958
|
|
| CRC.c (T/°C)
| 227
| 279
| 344
|
| 431
|
|
| 540
|
|
| 685
|
|
| KAL (T/K)
|
|
|
| 636
| 695
| 724
| 767
| 803
| 844
| 904
|
| 958
|
| 35 Br bromine
|
| use (T/K)
| 185
| 201
| 220
|
| 244
|
|
| 276
|
|
| 332
|
|
| CRC.a (T/°C)
| -87.7 (s)
| -71.8 (s)
| -52.7 (s)
|
| -29.3 (s)
|
|
| 2.5
|
|
| 58.4
|
|
| KAL (T/K)
|
|
|
| 227 (s)
| 244.1 (s)
| 252.1 (s)
| 263.6 (s)
| 275.7
| 290.0
| 312.0
|
| 332.0
|
| 36 Kr krypton
|
| use (T/K)
| 59
| 65
| 74
|
| 84
|
|
| 99
|
|
| 120
|
|
| CRC.d (T/°C)
| -214.0 (s)
| -208.0 (s)
| -199.4 (s)
|
| -188.9 (s)
|
|
| -174.6 (s)
|
|
| -153.6
|
|
| KAL (T/K)
|
|
|
| 77 (s)
| 84.3 (s)
| 88.1 (s)
| 93.8 (s)
| 98.6 (s)
| 103.9 (s)
| 112.0 (s)
|
| 119.7
|
| 37 Rb rubidium
|
| use (T/K)
| 434
| 486
| 552
|
| 641
|
|
| 769
|
|
| 958
|
|
| CRC.f,k (T/°C)
| 160.4
| 212.5
| 278.9
|
| 368
|
|
| 496.1
|
|
| 685.3
|
|
| CR2 | solid, 298 K to m.p.: log (P/Pa) = 9.863 - 4215 / (T/K)
|
| CR2 (T/K) | liquid, m.p. to 550 K: log (P/Pa) = 9.318 - 4040 / (T/K)
|
| 433.6
| 485.7
| 552.1
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| KAL (T/K)
|
|
|
| 583
| 649
| 684
| 735
| 779
| 829
| 907
|
| 978
|
| SMI.d (T/K) | liquid, 59.4..283 °C: log (P/Pa) = 9.545 - 4132 / (T/K)
|
| 433
| 484
| 548
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| 38 Sr strontium
|
| use (T/K)
| 796
| 882
| 990
|
| 1139
|
|
| 1345
|
|
| 1646
|
|
| CRC.b (T/°C)
| 523 (s)
| 609 (s)
| 717 (s)
|
| 866
|
|
| 1072
|
|
| 1373
|
|
| CR2 (T/K) | solid, 298 K to m.p.: log (P/Pa) = 14.232 - 8572 / (T/K) - 1.1926 log (T/K)
|
| 795.7
| 882.0
| 989.9
| 1028.0
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| KAL (T/K)
|
|
|
| 1040 (s)
| 1150
| 1205
| 1285
| 1355
| 1430
| 1550
|
| 1660
|
| SMI.c (T/K) | solid, 361..750 °C: log (P/Pa) = 10.255 - 8324 / (T/K)
|
| 812
| 899
| 1008
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| 39 Y yttrium
|
| use (T/K)
| 1883
| 2075
| (2320)
|
| (2627)
|
|
| (3036)
|
|
| (3607)
|
|
| CRC.c (T/°C)
| 1610.1
| 1802.3
| 2047 (i)
|
| 2354 (i)
|
|
| 2763 (i)
|
|
| 3334 (i)
|
|
| CR2 | solid, 298 K to m.p.: log (P/Pa) = 14.741 - 22306 / (T/K) - 0.8705 log (T/K)
|
| CR2 (T/K) | liquid, m.p. to 2300 K: log (P/Pa) = 10.801 - 20341 / (T/K)
|
| 1883.3
| 2075.4
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| SMI.c (T/K) | 1249..2056 °C: log (P/Pa) = 11.555 - 21970 / (T/K)
|
| 1901
| 2081
| 2299
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| 40 Zr zirconium
|
| use (T/K)
| 2639
| 2891
| 3197
|
| 3575
|
|
| 4053
|
|
| 4678
|
|
| CRC.b (T/°C)
| 2366
| 2618
| 2924
|
| 3302
|
|
| 3780
|
|
| 4405
|
|
| CR2 | solid, 298 K to m.p.: log (P/Pa) = 15.014 - 31512 / (T/K) - 0.7890 log (T/K)
|
| CR2 | liquid, m.p. to 2500 K: log (P/Pa) = 11.812 - 30295 / (T/K)
|
| SMI.c (T/K) | solid, 1527..2127 °C: log (P/Pa) = 11.505 - 25870 / (T/K)
|
| 2249
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| SMI.c (T/K) | liquid, 2127..2459 °C: log (P/Pa) = 12.165 - 27430 / (T/K)
|
|
| 2457
| 2698
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| 41 Nb niobium
|
| use (T/K)
| 2942
| 3207
| 3524
|
| 3910
|
|
| 4393
|
|
| 5013
|
|
| CRC.b (T/°C)
| 2669
| 2934
| 3251
|
| 3637
|
|
| 4120
|
|
| 4740
|
|
| CR2 | solid, 298 K to 2500 K: log (P/Pa) = 13.828 - 37818 / (T/K) - 0.2575 log (T/K)
|
| SMI.n | 2194..2539 °C: log (P/Pa) = 13.495 - 40400 / (T/K)
|
| 42 Mo molybdenum
|
| use (T/K)
| 2742
| 2994
| 3312
|
| 3707
|
|
| 4212
|
|
| 4879
|
|
| CRC.b (T/°C)
| 2469 (s)
| 2721
| 3039
|
| 3434
|
|
| 3939
|
|
| 4606
|
|
| CR2 | solid, 298 K to 2500 K: log (P/Pa) = 16.535 - 34626 / (T/K) - 1.1331 log (T/K)
|
| KAL (T/K)
|
|
|
| 3420
| 3720
| 3860
| 4060
| 4220
| 4410
| 4680
|
| 4900
|
| SMI.r (T/K) | solid, 1923..2533 °C: log (P/Pa) = 10.925 - 30310 / (T/K)
|
| 2774
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| 43 Tc technetium
|
| use (T/K)
| (2727)
| (2998)
| (3324)
|
| (3726)
|
|
| (4234)
|
|
| (4894)
|
|
| CRC.b (T/°C)
| 2454 (e)
| 2725 (e)
| 3051 (e)
|
| 3453 (e)
|
|
| 3961 (e)
|
|
| 4621 (e)
|
|
| 44 Ru ruthenium
|
| use (T/K)
| 2588
| 2811
| 3087
|
| 3424
|
|
| 3845
|
|
| 4388
|
|
| CRC.b (T/°C)
| 2315 (s)
| 2538
| 2814
|
| 3151
|
|
| 3572
|
|
| 4115
|
|
| CR2 (T/K) | solid, 298 K to m.p.: log (P/Pa) = 14.761 - 34154 / (T/K) - 0.4723 log (T/K)
|
| 2597.6
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| SMI.c (T/K) | 1913..2946 °C: log (P/Pa) = 12.625 - 33800 / (T/K)
|
| 2677
| 2908
| 3181
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| 45 Rh rhodium
|
| use (T/K)
| 2288
| 2496
| 2749
|
| 3063
|
|
| 3405
|
|
| 3997
|
|
| CRC.b (T/°C)
| 2015
| 2223
| 2476
|
| 2790
|
|
| 3132
|
|
| 3724
|
|
| CR2 | solid, 298 K to m.p.: log (P/Pa) = 15.174 - 29010 / (T/K) - 0.7068 log (T/K)
|
| CR2 (T/K) | liquid, m.p. to 2500 K: log (P/Pa) = 11.808 - 26792 / (T/K)
|
| 2269.0
| 2478.9
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| SMI.c (T/K) | 1681..2607 °C: log (P/Pa) = 12.675 - 30400 / (T/K)
|
| 2398
| 2604
| 2848
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| 46 Pd palladium
|
| use (T/K)
| 1721
| 1897
| 2117
|
| 2395
|
|
| 2753
|
|
| 3234
|
|
| CRC.b (T/°C)
| 1448 (s)
| 1624
| 1844
|
| 2122
|
|
| 2480
|
|
| 2961
|
|
| CR2 (T/K) | solid, 298 K to m.p.: log (P/Pa) = 14.508 - 19813 / (T/K) - 0.9258 log (T/K)
|
| 1721.0
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| CR2 (T/K) | liquid, m.p. to 2100 K: log (P/Pa) = 10.432 - 17899 / (T/K)
|
|
| 1897.7
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| SMI.c (T/K) | 1156..2000 °C: log (P/Pa) = 10.585 - 19230 / (T/K)
|
| 1817
| 2006
| 2240
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| 47 Ag silver
|
| use (T/K)
| 1283
| 1413
| 1575
|
| 1782
|
|
| 2055
|
|
| 2433
|
|
| CRC.b (T/°C)
| 1010
| 1140
| 1302
|
| 1509
|
|
| 1782
|
|
| 2160
|
|
| CR2 | solid, 298 K to m.p.: log (P/Pa) = 14.133 - 14999 / (T/K) - 0.7845 log (T/K)
|
| CR2 (T/K) | liquid, m.p. to 1600 K: log (P/Pa) = 10.758 - 13827 / (T/K)
|
| 1285.3
| 1417.0
| 1578.8
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| KAL (T/K)
|
|
|
| 1640
| 1790
| 1865
| 1970
| 2060
| 2160
| 2310
|
| 2440
|
| SMI.a | solid, 767..961 °C: log (P/Pa) = 11.405 - 14850 / (T/K)
|
| SMI.a (T/K) | liquid, 961..1353 °C: log (P/Pa) = 10.785 - 14090 / (T/K)
|
| 1306
| 1440
| 1604
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| 48 Cd cadmium
|
| use (T/K)
| 530
| 583
| 654
|
| 745
|
|
| 867
|
|
| 1040
|
|
| CRC.b (T/°C)
| 257 (s)
| 310 (s)
| 381
|
| 472
|
|
| 594
|
|
| 767
|
|
| CR2 (T/K) | solid, 298 K to m.p.: log (P/Pa) = 10.945 - 5799 / (T/K)
|
| 529.8
| 583.1
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| CR2 (T/K) | liquid, m.p. to 650 K: log (P/Pa) = 10.248 - 5392 / (T/K)
|
|
|
| 653.7
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| KAL (T/K)
|
|
|
| 683
| 748
| 781
| 829
| 870
| 915
| 983
|
| 1045
|
| SMI.a (T/K) | solid, 148..321 °C: log (P/Pa) = 10.905 - 5798 / (T/K)
|
| 532
| 585
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| 49 In indium
|
| use (T/K)
| 1196
| 1325
| 1485
|
| 1690
|
|
| 1962
|
|
| 2340
|
|
| CRC.b (T/°C)
| 923
| 1052
| 1212
|
| 1417
|
|
| 1689
|
|
| 2067
|
|
| CR2 | solid, 298 K to m.p.: log (P/Pa) = 10.997 - 12548 / (T/K)
|
| CR2 (T/K) | liquid, m.p. to 1500 K: log (P/Pa) = 10.380 - 12276 / (T/K)
|
| 1182.7
| 1308.7
| 1464.9
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| SMI.c,m (T/K) | liquid, 667..1260 °C: log (P/Pa) = 10.055 - 12150 / (T/K)
|
| 1208
| 1342
| 1508
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| 50 Sn tin
|
| use (T/K)
| 1497
| 1657
| 1855
|
| 2107
|
|
| 2438
|
|
| 2893
|
|
| CRC.b (T/°C)
| 1224
| 1384
| 1582
|
| 1834
|
|
| 2165
|
|
| 2620
|
|
| CR2 | solid, 298 K to m.p.: log (P/Pa) = 11.042 - 15710 / (T/K)
|
| CR2 (T/K) | liquid, m.p. to 1850 K: log (P/Pa) = 10.268 - 15332 / (T/K)
|
| 1493.2
| 1654.3
| 1854.4
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| KAL (T/K)
|
|
|
| 1930
| 2120
| 2210
| 2350
| 2470
| 2600
| 2800
|
| 2990
|
| SMI.c (T/K) | liquid, 823..1609 °C: log (P/Pa) = 9.095 - 13110 / (T/K)
|
| 1441
| 1620
| 1848
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| 51 Sb antimony
|
| use (T/K)
| 807
| 876
| 1011
|
| 1219
|
|
| 1491
|
|
| 1858
|
|
| CRC.b,c (T/°C)
| 534 (s)
| 603 (s)
| 738
|
| 946
|
|
| 1218
|
|
| 1585
|
|
| KAL (T/K)
|
|
|
| 1065
| 1220
| 1295
| 1405
| 1495
| 1595
| 1740
|
| 1890
|
| SMI.c (T/K) | 466..904 °C: log (P/Pa) = 10.545 - 9913 / (T/K)
|
| 940
| 1039
| 1160
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| 52 Te tellurium
|
| use (T/K)
|
|
| (775)
|
| (888)
|
|
| 1042
|
|
| 1266
|
|
| CRC.d (T/°C)
|
|
| 502 (e)
|
| 615 (e)
|
|
| 768.8
|
|
| 992.4
|
|
| KAL (T/K)
|
|
|
| 806
| 888
| 929
| 990
| 1040
| 1100
| 1190
|
| 1270
|
| 53 I iodine (rhombic)
|
| use (T/K)
| 260
| 282
| 309
|
| 342
|
|
| 381
|
|
| 457
|
|
| CRC.a,b (T/°C)
| -12.8 (s)
| 9.3 (s)
| 35.9 (s)
|
| 68.7 (s)
|
|
| 108 (s)
|
|
| 184.0
|
|
| KAL (T/K)
|
|
|
| 318 (s)
| 341.8 (s)
| 353.1 (s)
| 369.3 (s)
| 382.7 (s)
| 400.8
| 430.6
|
| 457.5
|
| 54 Xe xenon
|
| use (T/K)
| 83
| 92
| 103
|
| 117
|
|
| 137
|
|
| 165
|
|
| CRC.d,m (T/°C)
| -190 (s)
| -181 (s)
| -170 (s)
|
| -155.8 (s)
|
|
| -136.6 (s)
|
|
| -108.4
|
|
| KAL (T/K)
|
|
|
| 107 (s)
| 117.3 (s)
| 122.5 (s)
| 130.1 (s)
| 136.6 (s)
| 143.8 (s)
| 154.7 (s)
|
| 165.0
|
| 55 Cs caesium
|
| use (T/K)
| 418
| 469
| 534
|
| 623
|
|
| 750
|
|
| 940
|
|
| CRC.f,k (T/°C)
| 144.5
| 195.6
| 260.9
|
| 350.0
|
|
| 477.1
|
|
| 667.0
|
|
| CR2 | solid, 298 K to m.p.: log (P/Pa) = 9.717 - 3999 / (T/K)
|
| CR2 (T/K) | liquid, m.p. to 550 K: log (P/Pa) = 9.171 - 3830 / (T/K)
|
| 417.6
| 468.7
| 534.1
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| KAL (T/K)
|
|
|
| 559
| 624
| 657
| 708
| 752
| 802
| 883
|
| 959
|
| SMI.e (T/K) | liquid, 45..277 °C: log (P/Pa) = 8.985 - 3774 / (T/K)
|
| 420
| 473
| 540
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| 56 Ba barium
|
| use (T/K)
| 911
| 1038
| 1185
|
| 1388
|
|
| 1686
|
|
| 2170
|
|
| CRC.e (T/°C)
| 638 (s)
| 765
| 912
|
| 1115
|
|
| 1413
|
|
| 1897
|
|
| CR2 (T/K) | solid, 298 K to m.p.: log (P/Pa) = 17.411 - 9690 / (T/K) - 2.2890 log (T/K)
|
| 911.0
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| CR2 (T/K) | liquid, m.p. to 1200 K: log (P/Pa) = 9.013 - 8163 / (T/K)
|
|
| 1018.7
| 1164.0
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| KAL (T/K)
|
|
|
| 1165
| 1290
| 1360
| 1455
| 1540
| 1635
| 1780
|
| 1910
|
| SMI.c (T/K) | 418..858 °C: log (P/Pa) = 10.005 - 8908 / (T/K)
|
| 890
| 989
| 1113
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| 57 La lanthanum
|
| use (T/K)
| (2005)
| (2208)
| (2458)
|
| (2772)
|
|
| (3178)
|
|
| (3726)
|
|
| CRC.c (T/°C)
| 1732 (i)
| 1935 (i)
| 2185 (i)
|
| 2499 (i)
|
|
| 2905 (i)
|
|
| 3453 (i)
|
|
| CR2 | solid, 298 K to m.p.: log (P/Pa) = 12.469 - 22551 / (T/K) - 0.3142 log (T/K)
|
| CR2 (T/K) | liquid, m.p. to 2450 K: log (P/Pa) = 10.917 - 21855 / (T/K)
|
| 2001.9
| 2203.8
| 2450.9
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| SMI.c (T/K) | liquid, 1023..1754 °C: log (P/Pa) = 11.005 - 18000 / (T/K)
|
| 1636
| 1799
| 1999
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| 58 Ce cerium
|
| use (T/K)
| 1992
| 2194
| 2442
|
| 2754
|
|
| 3159
|
|
| 3705
|
|
| CRC.g (T/°C)
| 1719
| 1921
| 2169
|
| 2481
|
|
| 2886
|
|
| 3432
|
|
| CR2 | solid, 298 K to m.p.: log (P/Pa) = 11.145 - 21752 / (T/K)
|
| CR2 (T/K) | liquid, m.p. to 2450 K: log (P/Pa) = 10.617 - 21200 / (T/K)
|
| 1996.8
| 2204.4
| 2460.3
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| SMI.c (T/K) | liquid, 1004..1599 °C: log (P/Pa) = 12.865 - 20100 / (T/K)
|
| 1562
| 1694
| 1850
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| 59 Pr praseodymium
|
| use (T/K)
| 1771
| 1973
| (2227)
|
| (2571)
|
|
| (3054)
|
|
| (3779)
|
|
| CRC.c (T/°C)
| 1497.7
| 1699.4
| 1954 (i)
|
| 2298 (i)
|
|
| 2781 (i)
|
|
| 3506 (i)
|
|
| CR2 | solid, 298 K to m.p.: log (P/Pa) = 13.865 - 18720 / (T/K) - 0.9512 log (T/K)
|
| CR2 (T/K) | liquid, m.p. to 2200 K: log (P/Pa) = 9.778 - 17315 / (T/K)
|
| 1770.8
| 1972.5
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| 60 Nd neodymium
|
| use (T/K)
| 1595
| 1774
| 1998
|
| (2296)
|
|
| (2715)
|
|
| (3336)
|
|
| CRC.c (T/°C)
| 1322.3
| 1501.2
| 1725.3
|
| 2023 (i)
|
|
| 2442 (i)
|
|
| 3063 (i)
|
|
| CR2 | solid, 298 K to m.p.: log (P/Pa) = 14.002 - 17264 / (T/K) - 0.9519 log (T/K)
|
| CR2 (T/K) | liquid, m.p. to 2000 K: log (P/Pa) = 9.918 - 15824 / (T/K)
|
| 1595.5
| 1774.4
| 1998.5
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| 62 Sm samarium
|
| use (T/K)
| 1001
| 1106
| 1240
|
| (1421)
|
|
| (1675)
|
|
| (2061)
|
|
| CRC.c (T/°C)
| 728 (s)
| 833 (s)
| 967 (s)
|
| 1148 (i)
|
|
| 1402 (i)
|
|
| 1788 (i)
|
|
| CR2 (T/K) | solid, 298 K to m.p.: log (P/Pa) = 14.994 - 11034 / (T/K) - 1.3287 log (T/K)
|
| 1002.5
| 1109.2
| 1242.2
| 1289.0
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| 63 Eu europium
|
| use (T/K)
| 863
| 957
| 1072
|
| 1234
|
|
| 1452
|
|
| 1796
|
|
| CRC.g (T/°C)
| 590 (s)
| 684 (s)
| 799 (s)
|
| 961
|
|
| 1179
|
|
| 1523
|
|
| CR2 (T/K) | solid, 298 K to m.p.: log (P/Pa) = 14.246 - 9459 / (T/K) - 1.1661 log (T/K)
|
| 874.6
| 968.8
| 1086.5
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| 64 Gd gadolinium
|
| use (T/K)
| (1836)
| (2028)
| (2267)
|
| (2573)
|
|
| (2976)
|
|
| (3535)
|
|
| CRC.c (T/°C)
| 1563 (i)
| 1755 (i)
| 1994 (i)
|
| 2300 (i)
|
|
| 2703 (i)
|
|
| 3262 (i)
|
|
| CR2 | solid, 298 K to m.p.: log (P/Pa) = 13.350 - 20861 / (T/K) - 0.5775 log (T/K)
|
| CR2 (T/K) | liquid, m.p. to 2250 K: log (P/Pa) = 10.563 - 19389 / (T/K)
|
| 1835.6
| 2027.5
| 2264.3
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| 65 Tb terbium
|
| use (T/K)
| 1789
| 1979
| (2201)
|
| (2505)
|
|
| (2913)
|
|
| (3491)
|
|
| CRC.c (T/°C)
| 1516.1
| 1706.1
| 1928 (i)
|
| 2232 (i)
|
|
| 2640 (i)
|
|
| 3218 (i)
|
|
| CR2 | solid, 298 K to m.p.: log (P/Pa) = 14.516 - 20457 / (T/K) - 0.9247 log (T/K)
|
| CR2 (T/K) | liquid, m.p. to 2200 K: log (P/Pa) = 10.417 - 18639 / (T/K)
|
| 1789.3
| 1979.3
| 2214.4
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| 66 Dy dysprosium
|
| use (T/K)
| 1378
| 1523
| (1704)
|
| (1954)
|
|
| (2304)
|
|
| (2831)
|
|
| CRC.c (T/°C)
| 1105 (s)
| 1250 (s)
| 1431 (i)
|
| 1681 (i)
|
|
| 2031 (i)
|
|
| 2558 (i)
|
|
| CR2 (T/K) | solid, 298 K to m.p.: log (P/Pa) = 14.585 - 15336 / (T/K) - 1.1114 log (T/K)
|
| 1382.3
| 1526.5
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| 67 Ho holmium
|
| use (T/K)
| 1432
| 1584
| (1775)
|
| (2040)
|
|
| (2410)
|
|
| (2964)
|
|
| CRC.c (T/°C)
| 1159 (s)
| 1311 (s)
| 1502 (i)
|
| 1767 (i)
|
|
| 2137 (i)
|
|
| 2691 (i)
|
|
| CR2 (T/K) | solid, 298 K to m.p.: log (P/Pa) = 14.791 - 15899 / (T/K) - 1.1753 log (T/K)
|
| 1434.8
| 1585.2
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| 68 Er erbium
|
| use (T/K)
| 1504
| 1663
| (1885)
|
| (2163)
|
|
| (2552)
|
|
| (3132)
|
|
| CRC.c (T/°C)
| 1231 (s)
| 1390 (s)
| 1612 (i)
|
| 1890 (i)
|
|
| 2279 (i)
|
|
| 2859 (i)
|
|
| CR2 (T/K) | solid, 298 K to m.p.: log (P/Pa) = 14.922 - 16642 / (T/K) - 1.2154 log (T/K)
|
| 1504.7
| 1663.0
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| CR2 (T/K) | liquid, m.p. to 1900 K: log (P/Pa) = 9.674 - 14380 / (T/K)
|
|
|
| 1873.9
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| 69 Tm thulium
|
| use (T/K)
| 1117
| 1235
| 1381
|
| 1570
|
|
| (1821)
|
|
| (2217)
|
|
| CRC.c (T/°C)
| 844 (s)
| 962 (s)
| 1108 (s)
|
| 1297 (s)
|
|
| 1548 (i)
|
|
| 1944 (i)
|
|
| CR2 (T/K) | solid, 298 K to 1400 K: log (P/Pa) = 13.888 - 12270 / (T/K) - 0.9564 log (T/K)
|
| 1118.3
| 1235.5
| 1381.0
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| 70 Yb ytterbium
|
| use (T/K)
| 736
| 813
| 910
|
| 1047
|
|
| (1266)
|
|
| (1465)
|
|
| CRC.c (T/°C)
| 463 (s)
| 540 (s)
| 637 (s)
|
| 774 (s)
|
|
| 993 (i)
|
|
| 1192 (i)
|
|
| CR2 (T/K) | solid, 298 K to 900 K: log (P/Pa) = 14.117 - 8111 / (T/K) - 1.0849 log (T/K)
|
| 737.0
| 814.4
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| 71 Lu lutetium
|
| use (T/K)
| 1906
| 2103
| 2346
|
| (2653)
|
|
| (3072)
|
|
| (3663)
|
|
| CRC.c (T/°C)
| 1633 (s)
| 1829.8
| 2072.8
|
| 2380 (i)
|
|
| 2799 (i)
|
|
| 3390 (i)
|
|
| CR2 (T/K) | solid, 298 K to m.p.: log (P/Pa) = 13.799 - 22423 / (T/K) - 0.6200 log (T/K)
|
| 1905.9
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| CR2 (T/K) | liquid, m.p. to 2350 K: log (P/Pa) = 10.654 - 20302 / (T/K)
|
|
| 2103.0
| 2346.0
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| 72 Hf hafnium
|
| use (T/K)
| 2689
| 2954
| 3277
|
| 3679
|
|
| 4194
|
|
| 4876
|
|
| CRC.e (T/°C)
| 2416
| 2681
| 3004
|
| 3406
|
|
| 3921
|
|
| 4603
|
|
| CR2 | solid, 298 K to m.p.: log (P/Pa) = 14.451 - 32482 / (T/K) - 0.6735 log (T/K)
|
| 73 Ta tantalum
|
| use (T/K)
| 3297
| 3597
| 3957
|
| 4395
|
|
| 4939
|
|
| 5634
|
|
| CRC.b (T/°C)
| 3024
| 3324
| 3684
|
| 4122
|
|
| 4666
|
|
| 5361
|
|
| CR2 | solid, 248 K to 2500 K: log (P/Pa) = 21.813 - 41346 / (T/K) - 3.2152 log (T/K) + 0.7437 (T/K)-3
|
| SMI.o,p | solid, 2407..2820 °C: log (P/Pa) = 12.125 - 40210 / (T/K)
|
| 74 W tungsten
|
| use (T/K)
| 3477
| 3773
| 4137
|
| 4579
|
|
| 5127
|
|
| 5823
|
|
| CRC.b (T/°C)
| 3204 (s)
| 3500
| 3864
|
| 4306
|
|
| 4854
|
|
| 5550
|
|
| CR2 | solid, 298 K to 2350 K: log (P/Pa) = 7.951 - 44094 / (T/K) + 1.3677 log (T/K)
|
| CR2 | solid, 2200 K to 2500 K: log (P/Pa) = -49.521 - 57687 / (T/K) - 12.2231 log (T/K)
|
| KAL (T/K)
|
|
|
| 4300
| 4630
| 4790
| 5020
| 5200
| 5400
| 5690
|
| 5940
|
| SMI.s (T/K) | solid, 2554..3309 °C: log (P/Pa) = 11.365 - 40260 / (T/K)
|
| 3542
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| 75 Re rhenium
|
| use (T/K)
| 3303
| 3614
| 4009
|
| 4500
|
|
| 5127
|
|
| 5954
|
|
| CRC.b (T/°C)
| 3030 (s)
| 3341
| 3736
|
| 4227
|
|
| 4854
|
|
| 5681
|
|
| CR2 | solid, 298 K to 2500 K: log (P/Pa) = 16.549 - 40726 / (T/K) - 1.1629 log (T/K)
|
| 76 Os osmium
|
| use (T/K)
| 3160
| 3423
| 3751
|
| 4148
|
|
| 4638
|
|
| 5256
|
|
| CRC.b (T/°C)
| 2887 (s)
| 3150
| 3478
|
| 3875
|
|
| 4365
|
|
| 4983
|
|
| CR2 | solid, 298 K to 2500 K: log (P/Pa) = 14.425 - 41198 / (T/K) - 0.3896 log (T/K)
|
| SMI.c (T/K) | 2101..3221 °C: log (P/Pa) = 12.715 - 37000 / (T/K)
|
| 2910
| 3158
| 3453
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| 77 Ir iridium
|
| use (T/K)
| 2713
| 2957
| 3252
|
| 3614
|
|
| 4069
|
|
| 4659
|
|
| CRC.b (T/°C)
| 2440 (s)
| 2684
| 2979
|
| 3341
|
|
| 3796
|
|
| 4386
|
|
| CR2 | solid, 298 K to 2500 K: log (P/Pa) = 15.512 - 35099 / (T/K) - 0.7500 log (T/K)
|
| SMI.c (T/K) | 1993..3118 °C: log (P/Pa) = 12.185 - 34110 / (T/K)
|
| 2799
| 3050
| 3349
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| 78 Pt platinum
|
| use (T/K)
| 2330
| (2550)
| 2815
|
| 3143
|
|
| 3556
|
|
| 4094
|
|
| CRC.b (T/°C)
| 2057
| 2277 (e)
| 2542
|
| 2870
|
|
| 3283
|
|
| 3821
|
|
| CR2 | solid, 298 K to m.p.: log (P/Pa) = 9.888 - 29387 / (T/K) + 1.1039 log (T/K) - 0.4527 (T/K)-3
|
| CR2 (T/K) | liquid, m.p. to 2500 K: log (P/Pa) = 11.392 - 26856 / (T/K)
|
| 2357.4
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| KAL (T/K)
|
|
|
| 2910
| 3150
| 3260
| 3420
| 3560
| 3700
| 3910
|
| 4090
|
| SMI.c (T/K) | 1606..2582 °C: log (P/Pa) = 11.758 - 27500 / (T/K)
|
| 2339
| 2556
| 2818
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| 79 Au gold
|
| use (T/K)
| 1646
| 1814
| 2021
|
| 2281
|
|
| 2620
|
|
| 3078
|
|
| CRC.b (T/°C)
| 1373
| 1541
| 1748
|
| 2008
|
|
| 2347
|
|
| 2805
|
|
| CR2 | solid, 298 K to m.p.: log (P/Pa) = 14.158 - 19343 / (T/K) - 0.7479 log (T/K)
|
| CR2 (T/K) | liquid, m.p. to 2050 K: log (P/Pa) = 10.838 - 18024 / (T/K)
|
| 1663.0
| 1832.1
| 2039.4
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| KAL (T/K)
|
|
|
| 2100
| 2290
| 2390
| 2520
| 2640
| 2770
| 2960
|
| 3120
|
| SMI.a (T/K) | 1083..1867 °C: log (P/Pa) = 10.775 - 18520 / (T/K)
|
| 1719
| 1895
| 2111
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| 80 Hg mercury
|
| use (T/K)
| 315
| 350
| 393
|
| 449
|
|
| 523
|
|
| 629
|
|
| CRC.j,k (T/°C)
| 42.0
| 76.6
| 120.0
|
| 175.6
|
|
| 250.3
|
|
| 355.9
|
|
| CR2 (T/K) | liquid, 298 K to 400 K: log (P/Pa) = 10.122 - 3190 / (T/K)
|
| 315.2
| 349.7
| 392.8
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| KAL (T/K)
|
|
|
| 408
| 448.8
| 468.8
| 498.4
| 523.4
| 551.2
| 592.9
|
| 629.8
|
| 81 Tl thallium
|
| use (T/K)
| 882
| 977
| 1097
|
| 1252
|
|
| 1461
|
|
| 1758
|
|
| CRC.b (T/°C)
| 609
| 704
| 824
|
| 979
|
|
| 1188
|
|
| 1485
|
|
| CR2 | solid, 298 K to m.p.: log (P/Pa) = 10.977 - 9447 / (T/K)
|
| CR2 (T/K) | liquid, m.p. to 1100 K: log (P/Pa) = 10.265 - 9037 / (T/K)
|
| 880.4
| 975.4
| 1093.4
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| KAL (T/K)
|
|
|
| 1125
| 1235
| 1290
| 1370
| 1440
| 1515
| 1630
|
| 1730
|
| SMI.a (T/K) | liquid, 405..821 °C: log (P/Pa) = 10.275 - 8920 / (T/K)
|
| 868
| 962
| 1078
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| 82 Pb lead
|
| use (T/K)
| 978
| 1088
| 1229
|
| 1412
|
|
| 1660
|
|
| 2027
|
|
| CRC.b (T/°C)
| 705
| 815
| 956
|
| 1139
|
|
| 1387
|
|
| 1754
|
|
| CR2 | solid, 298 K to m.p.: log (P/Pa) = 10.649 - 10143 / (T/K)
|
| CR2 (T/K) | liquid, m.p. to 1200 K: log (P/Pa) = 9.917 - 9701 / (T/K)
|
| 978.2
| 1087.9
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| KAL (T/K)
|
|
|
| 1285
| 1420
| 1485
| 1585
| 1670
| 1760
| 1905
|
| 2030
|
| SMI.a (T/K) | liquid, 483..975 °C: log (P/Pa) = 9.815 - 9600 / (T/K)
|
| 978
| 1089
| 1228
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| 83 Bi bismuth
|
| use (T/K)
| 941
| 1041
| 1165
|
| 1325
|
|
| 1538
|
|
| 1835
|
|
| CRC.b (T/°C)
| 668
| 768
| 892
|
| 1052
|
|
| 1265
|
|
| 1562
|
|
| KAL (T/K)
|
|
|
| 1225
| 1350
| 1410
| 1505
| 1580
| 1670
| 1800
|
| 1920
|
| SMI.c (T/K) | liquid, 474..934 °C: log (P/Pa) = 10.265 - 9824 / (T/K)
|
| 957
| 1060
| 1189
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| 84 Po polonium
|
| use (T/K)
|
|
|
|
| (846)
|
|
| 1003
|
|
| 1236
|
|
| CRC.d (T/°C)
|
|
|
|
| 573 (e)
|
|
| 730.2
|
|
| 963.3
|
|
| 85 At astatine
|
| use (T/K)
| 361
| 392
| 429
|
| 475
|
|
| 531
|
|
| 607
|
|
| CRC.b (T/°C)
| 88 (s)
| 119 (s)
| 156 (s)
|
| 202 (s)
|
|
| 258 (s)
|
|
| 334
|
|
| 86 Rn radon
|
| use (T/K)
| 110
| 121
| 134
|
| 152
|
|
| 176
|
|
| 211
|
|
| CRC.d (T/°C)
| -163 (s)
| -152 (s)
| -139 (s)
|
| -121.4 (s)
|
|
| -97.6 (s)
|
|
| -62.3
|
|
| KAL (T/K)
|
|
|
| 139 (s)
| 152 (s)
| 158 (s)
| 168 (s)
| 176 (s)
| 184 (s)
| 198 (s)
|
| 211
|
| 87 Fr francium
|
| use (T/K)
| (404)
| (454)
| (519)
|
| (608)
|
|
| (738)
|
|
| (946)
|
|
| CRC.b (T/°C)
| 131 (e)
| 181 (e)
| 246 (e)
|
| 335 (e)
|
|
| 465 (e)
|
|
| 673 (e)
|
|
| 88 Ra radium
|
| use (T/K)
| 819
| 906
| 1037
|
| 1209
|
|
| 1446
|
|
| 1799
|
|
| CRC.b (T/°C)
| 546 (s)
| 633 (s)
| 764
|
| 936
|
|
| 1173
|
|
| 1526
|
|
| 90 Th thorium
|
| use (T/K)
| 2633
| 2907
| 3248
|
| 3683
|
|
| 4259
|
|
| 5055
|
|
| CRC.b (T/°C)
| 2360
| 2634
| 2975
|
| 3410
|
|
| 3986
|
|
| 4782
|
|
| CR2 | solid, 298 K to m.p.: log (P/Pa) = 13.674 - 31483 / (T/K) - 0.5288 log (T/K)
|
| CR2 | liquid, m.p. to 2500 K: log (P/Pa) = -13.447 - 24569 / (T/K) + 6.6473 log (T/K)
|
| SMI.c (T/K) | 1686..2715 °C: log (P/Pa) = 11.645 - 28440 / (T/K)
|
| 2442
| 2672
| 2949
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| 91 Pa protactinium
|
| CR2 | solid, 298 K to m.p.: log (P/Pa) = 15.558 - 34869 / (T/K) - 1.0075 log (T/K)
|
| CR2 | liquid, m.p. to 2500 K: log (P/Pa) = 11.183 - 32874 / (T/K)
|
| 92 U uranium
|
| use (T/K)
| 2325
| 2564
| 2859
|
| 3234
|
|
| 3727
|
|
| 4402
|
|
| CRC.b (T/°C)
| 2052
| 2291
| 2586
|
| 2961
|
|
| 3454
|
|
| 4129
|
|
| CR2 | solid, 298 K to m.p.: log (P/Pa) = 5.776 - 27729 / (T/K) + 2.6982 log (T/K) - 1.5471 (T/K)-3
|
| CR2 (T/K) | liquid, m.p. to 2500 K: log (P/Pa) = 25.741 - 28776 / (T/K) - 4.0962 log (T/K)
|
| 2422.6
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| SMI.c (T/K) | liquid, 1461..2338 °C: log (P/Pa) = 12.005 - 25800 / (T/K)
|
| 2149
| 2344
| 2579
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| 93 Np neptunium
|
| use (T/K)
| 2194
| 2437
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| CR2 | solid, 298 K to m.p.: log (P/Pa) = 24.649 - 24886 / (T/K) - 3.9991 log (T/K)
|
| CR2 (T/K) | liquid, m.p. to 2500 K: log (P/Pa) = 15.082 - 23378 / (T/K) - 1.3250 log (T/K)
|
| 2194.1
| 2436.6
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| 94 Pu plutonium
|
| use (T/K)
| 1756
| 1953
| 2198
|
| 2511
|
|
| 2926
|
|
| 3499
|
|
| CRC.b (T/°C)
| 1483
| 1680
| 1925
|
| 2238
|
|
| 2653
|
|
| 3226
|
|
| CR2 | solid, 500 K to m.p.: log (P/Pa) = 23.864 - 18460 / (T/K) - 4.4720 log (T/K)
|
| CR2 | solid, 298 K to 600 K: log (P/Pa) = 31.166 - 19162 / (T/K) - 6.6675 log (T/K)
|
| CR2 (T/K) | liquid, m.p. to 2450 K: log (P/Pa) = 8.672 - 16658 / (T/K)
|
| 1920.9
| 2171.3
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| 95 Am americium
|
| use (T/K)
| 1239
| 1356
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| CR2 (T/K) | solid, 298 K to m.p.: log (P/Pa) = 16.317 - 15059 / (T/K) - 1.3449 log (T/K)
|
| 1238.7
| 1356.1
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| 96 Cm curium
|
| use (T/K)
| 1788
| 1982
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| CR2 | solid, 298 K to m.p.: log (P/Pa) = 13.375 - 20364 / (T/K) - 0.5770 log (T/K)
|
| CR2 (T/K) | liquid, m.p. to 2200 K: log (P/Pa) = 10.229 - 18292 / (T/K)
|
| 1788.2
| 1982.0
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Notes
- Values are given in terms of temperature necessary to reach the specified pressure.
- Valid results within the quoted ranges from most equations are included in the table for comparison.
- A conversion factor is included into the original first coefficients of the equations to provide the pressure in pascals (CR2: 5.006, SMI: -0.875).
- Ref. SMI uses temperature scale ITS-48. No conversion was done, which should be of little consequence however.
- The temperature at standard pressure should be equal to the normal boiling point, but due to the considerable spread does not necessarily have to match values reported elsewhere.
References
CRC.a-m
David R. Lide (ed), CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 84th Edition. CRC Press. Boca Raton, Florida, 2003; Section 6, Fluid Properties; Vapor Pressure
- Uncertainties of several degrees should generally be assumed. (e) Indicates extrapolated values beyond the region of experimental data, subject to greater uncertainty. (i) Indicates values calculated from ideal gas thermodynamic functions. (s) Indicates the substance is solid at this temperature. As quoted from these sources:
- a - Lide, D.R., and Kehiaian, H.V., CRC Handbook of Thermophysical and Thermochemical Data, CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, 1994.
- b - Stull, D., in American Institute of Physics Handbook, Third Edition, Gray, D.E., Ed., McGraw Hill, New York, 1972.
- c - Hultgren, R., Desai, P.D., Hawkins, D.T., Gleiser, M., Kelley, K.K., and Wagman, D.D., Selected Values of Thermodynamic Properties of the Elements, American Society for Metals, Metals Park, OH, 1973.
- d - TRCVP, Vapor Pressure Database, Version 2.2P, Thermodynamic Research Center, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX.
- e - Barin, I., Thermochemical Data of Pure Substances, VCH Publishers, New York, 1993.
- f - Ohse, R.W. Handbook of Thermodynamic and Transport Properties of Alkali Metals, Blackwell Scientific Publications, Oxford, 1994.
- g - Gschneidner, K.A., in CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 77th Edition, p. 4-112, CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, 1996.
- h - Leider, H.R., Krikorian, O.H., and Young, D.A., Carbon, 11, 555, 1973.
- i - Wagner, W., and de Reuck, K.M., International Thermodynamic Tables of the Fluid State, No. 9. Oxygen, Blackwell Scientific Publications, Oxford, 1987.
- j - Marsh, K.N., Editor, Recommended Reference Materials for the Realization of Physicochemical Properties, Blackwell Scientific Publications, Oxford, 1987.
- k - Alcock, C.B., Itkin, V.P., and Horrigan, M.K., Canadian Metallurgical Quarterly, 23, 309, 1984.
- l - Stewart, R.B., and Jacobsen, R.T., J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 18, 639, 1989.
- m - Sifner, O., and Klomfar, J., J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 23, 63, 1994.
CR2
David R. Lide (ed), CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 84th Edition, online version. CRC Press. Boca Raton, Florida, 2003; Section 4, Properties of the Elements and Inorganic Compounds; Vapor Pressure of the Metallic Elements
- The equations reproduce the observed pressures to an accuracy of ±5% or better. Coefficients from this source:
- Alcock, C.B., Itkin, V.P., and Horrigan, M.K., Canadian Metallurgical Quarterly, 23, 309, (1984).
KAL
National Physical Laboratory, Kaye and Laby Tables of Physical and Chemical Constants; Section 3.4.4, D. Ambrose, Vapour pressures from 0.2 to 101.325 kPa. Retrieved Jan 2006.
SMI.a-s
W.E. Forsythe (ed.), Smithsonian Physical Tables 9th ed., online version (1954; Knovel 2003). Table 363, Evaporation of Metals
- The equations are described as reproducing the observed pressures to a satisfactory degree of approximation. From these sources:
- a - K.K. Kelley, Bur. Mines Bull. 383, (1935).
- b - R.W. Ditchburn, J.C. Gilmour, Rev. Mod. Phys., vol. 13, p. 310, (1941).
- c - Brewer, The thermodynamic and physical properties of the elements, Report for the Manhattan Project, (1946).
- d - T.J. Killian, Phys. Rev., vol. 27, p. 578, (1926).
- e - J.B. Taylor, I. Langmuir, Phys. Rev., vol. 51, p. 753, (1937).
- f - A.L. Marshall, R.W. Dornte, F.J. Norton, Amer. Chem. Soc., vol. 59, p. 1161, (1937).
- g - R. Schumann, A.B. Garret, Journ. Amer. Chem. Soc., vol. 66, p. 442, (1944); vol. 67, p. 2279, (1945).
- h - E. Rudberg, Phys. Rev., vol. 46, p. 763, (1934).
- i - J.A.M. Van Liempt, Rec. Trav. Chem. d. Pays-Bas, vol. 55, p. 468, (1936).
- j - E. Rudberg, J. Lempert, Journ. Chem. Phys., vol. 3, p. 627, (1935).
- k - Int. National Critical Tables, vol. 3, p. 306, (1928).
- l - E. Baur, R. Bruner, Hev. Chim. Acta, vol. 17, p. 958, (1934).
- m - J.S. Anderson, Journ. Chem. Soc. (London), vol. 141, (1943).
- n - A.L. Reimann, C.K. Grant, Philos. Mag., vol. 22, p. 34, (1936).
- o - D.B. Langmuir, L. Malter, Phys. Rev., vol. 55, p. 748, (1939).
- p - M.D. Fiske, Phys. Rev., vol. 61, p. 513, (1942).
- q - H.L. Johnston, A.L. Marshall, Journ. Amer. Chem. Soc., vol. 62, p. 1382, (1940).
- r - H.A. Jones, I. Langmuir, G.M.J. Mackay, Phys. Rev., vol. 30, p. 201, (1927).
- s - H.A. Jones, I. Langmuir, Gen. Electric Rev., vol. 30, p. 354, (1927).
|
