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Tobramycin



Tobramycin
Systematic (IUPAC) name
4-amino-2-[4,6-diamino-3- [3-amino-6-(aminomethyl) -5-hydroxy-tetrahydropyran-2-yl]oxy- 2-hydroxy-cyclohexoxy]-6-(hydroxymethyl) tetrahydropyran-3,5-diol
Identifiers
CAS number 32986-56-4
ATC code J01GB01 S01AA12
PubChem 5496
DrugBank APRD00582
Chemical data
Formula C18H37N5O9 
Mol. mass 467.515 g/mol
Pharmacokinetic data
Bioavailability  ?
Protein binding < 30%
Metabolism  ?
Half life Neonates < 1200 g: 11 hrs; > 1200 g 2-9 hrs

Adults: 2-3 hours; longer with impaired renal function

Excretion  ?
Therapeutic considerations
Pregnancy cat.

D (Injection, Inhalation); B (Ophthalmic) (US)

Legal status
Routes IV, IM, inhalation, ophthalmic

Tobramycin sulfate is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat various types of bacterial infections, particularly Gram-negative infections.

Mechanism of action

Tobramycin works by binding to a site on the bacterial 30S and 50S ribosome, preventing formation of the 70S complex. As a result, mRNA cannot be translated into protein and cell death ensues.

Administration

Like all aminoglycosides, tobramycin does not pass the gastro-intestinal tract, so for systemic use it can only be given intravenously or intramuscularly. This formulation for injection is branded Nebcin®. Patients with cystic fibrosis will often take an inhalational form (Tobi®) for suppression of Pseudomonas aeruginosa infections. Tobramycin is also combined with dexamethasone as an ophthalmic solution (TobraDex®).

Bausch & Lomb Pharmaceuticals, Inc. makes a sterile Tobramycin Ophthalmic Solution (eye-drops) with a tobramycin concentration of 0.3%, which is available by prescription only in the United States and Canada. (In some countries, such as Italy, it is available over the counter.) It is mixed with 0.01% benzalkonium chloride as a preservative. These concentrations result in 3 mg per ml and 0.1 mg per ml, respectively.

Side effects

Like other aminoglycosides, tobramycin can cause deafness or a loss of equilibrioception (vertigo) in genetically susceptible individuals. These individuals have a normally harmless mutation in their DNA, that allows the tobramycin to affect their cells. The cells of the ear are particularly sensitive to this.

Tobramycin can also be highly toxic to the kidneys, particularly if multiple doses accumulate over a course of treatment.

For these reasons, when tobramycin is given parenterally, it is usually dosed by body weight. Various formulae exist for calculating tobramycin dosage. Also serum levels of tobramycin are monitored during treatment.

 
This article is licensed under the GNU Free Documentation License. It uses material from the Wikipedia article "Tobramycin". A list of authors is available in Wikipedia.
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