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Substrate analog
Additional recommended knowledge
Applicable backgroundAn enzyme is a molecule that binds a specific substrate and increases the rate at which the substrate is converted into a specific product. All substrates must pass though the transition state, a high energy conformation that normally prevents the spontaneous conversion of substrate to product. Most enzymes stabilize the transition state, thus lowering the free energy associated with it. This change in transition-state free energy increases the reaction rate according to the Arrhenius equation. Many enzyme inhibitors are substrate analogs.
Generalized mechanismWhile an incredibly large number of non-substrate molecules may enter the active site of an enzyme, only a very small number of these, analogs, will be able to elicit affection from the enzyme. The specific mechanism varies from one analog to another, but the general ability for enzymatic analogs to do this stems from their structural similarity to the transition state of an enzyme's substrate. For example, the analog N-(Phosphonacetyl)-L-aspartate (PALA) differs from the natural transition state by only a few functional groups[1].
ApplicationsSubstrate analogs can have a variety of academic and medical applications. Analogs that act as a suicide inhibitor are useful in drug design, the most famous of which is penicillin (see Beta-lactam antibiotic for mechanism). Suicide inhibitor analogs have also made it possible to determine the structural features of various enzymes . When coupled with X-ray crystallography, bound analogs have provided crucial insight into the mechanisms of enzymes. Substrate analogs have made it possible to visualize the short-lived conformational change in N-acetyltransferase when it binds its substrate[2]. This highlights the academically compelling properties of substrate analogs; they resemble the natural substrate enough to bind and affect the enzyme, but not enough to be processed as the natural substrate would. This method of crystallography has become an indispensable resource in the study of changes in quaternary structure during enzymatic catalysis, provided the enzyme in question has a know substrate analog. Analogs that have an effect on their target can be used to identify properties of the enzyme's primary structure. In the gut-bound protease chymotrypsin, studies with the radio-labeled substrate analog Tosyl phenylalanyl chloromethyl ketone (TPCK) has identified some of the catalytic amino acid residues. Acting as a suicide inhibitor, TPCK alkylates a critical residue and halts the function of chymotrypsin[3]. Additional investigation into the subject has suggested a mechanism and provided evidence for the function of additional residues[4][5]
References
Categories: Enzyme kinetics | Biomolecules |
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This article is licensed under the GNU Free Documentation License. It uses material from the Wikipedia article "Substrate_analog". A list of authors is available in Wikipedia. |