Su Song

  Su Song (traditional Chinese: 蘇頌; simplified Chinese: 苏颂; pinyin: Sū Sòng; style Zirong 子容) (1020–1101 AD) was a renowned Chinese statesman, astronomer, cartographer, horologist, pharmacologist, mineralogist, zoologist, botanist, mechanical and architectural engineer, and ambassador of the Song Dynasty (960–1279 AD).

Su Song was the engineer of a water-driven astronomical clock tower in medieval Kaifeng, which employed the use of an early escapement mechanism; the verge escapement was not known in Europe until 1275 AD.^[1][2][3][4] The escapement mechanism of Su's clock tower had previously been invented by Buddhist monk Yi Xing and government official Liang Ling-zan in 725 AD to operate a water-powered armillary sphere, although Su's armillary sphere was the first to be provided with a mechanical clock drive.^[5][4][6] Su's ingenious clock tower also featured the oldest known endless power-transmitting chain drive, called the tian ti (天梯), or "celestial ladder", as depicted in his horological treatise.^[7] Su Song's treatise about the clock-tower, Xin Yi Xiang Fa Yao (新儀 象法要), has survived since its written form in 1092 and official printed publication in 1094. The book has been analyzed by many historians, such as Joseph Needham. However, the clock itself was dismantled by the invading Jurchen army in AD 1127, and although attempts were made to reassemble the clock tower, it was never successfully reinstated.

Although the Xin Yi Xiang Fa Yao was his best known treatise, Su Song had other works compiled as well. He completed a large celestial atlas of several star maps, several terrestrial maps, as well as a treatise on pharmacology. The latter discussed related subjects on mineralogy, zoology, botany, and metallurgy. His star maps also featured Mercator projection nearly five hundred years before it was known and used in Europe by Gerard Mercator.

Although later European Jesuit travelers to China such as Matteo Ricci and Nicolas Trigault would briefly mention Chinese clocks with drive wheels in their writing,^[8] early European visitors to China mistakenly believed that the Chinese had never advanced beyond the stage of the clepsydra clock and sundial.^[9] They believed that advanced mechanical clockworks were new to China, and were something valuable which Europe could offer.^[9] Although not as prominent as in the Song period, contemporary Chinese texts of the Ming Dynasty (1368–1644) describe continued designs of mechanical clocks in China from the 13th to 16th centuries.^[10]

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Life and works

Su Song was born in modern-day Fujian, near medieval Quanzhou.^[11] Like his brilliant contemporary Shen Kuo, the discoverer of true north for better navigation with a compass, Su Song was a polymath. It was written by Ye Mengde that in his youth, the young Su Song mastered the provincial exams and rose to the top of the examination list for writing the best essay on general principles and structure of the Chinese calendar.^[12] From an early age, his interests in astronomy and calendrical science would lead him onto a distinguished path as a state bureaucrat.

In matters of administrative government, he had attained the rank of Ambassador and President of the Ministry of Personnel at the capital of Kaifeng, and was known also as an expert in administration and finance.^[13] Eventually, he also rose to the post of Vice President of the Chancellery Secretariat. Among many honorable positions and titles conferred upon him, Su Song was also one of the 'Deputy Tutors of the Heir Apparent'. At court, he chose to distance himself from the political rivalries of the Conservatives, led by Prime Minister Sima Guang, and the Reformists, led by Prime Minister Wang Anshi; although many of his associates were of the Conservative faction.^[11] In 1077 he was dispatched on a diplomatic mission to the Liao Dynasty of the Khitan people to the north,^[14] sharing ideas about calendrical science, since the Liao state had created its own calendar in 994 AD.^[6] In an embarrassing event, Su Song admitted to the emperor that the calendar of the Khitan people was in fact a bit more accurate than their own, resulting in the fining and punishment of officials in the Bureau of Astronomy and Calendar.^[12] In 1081, the court issued Su Song to compile into a book the diplomatic history of Song-Liao relations, which he completed in a total set of 200 volumes.^[15] With his extensive knowledge of cartography, Su Song was able to settle a heated border dispute with the Liao state.^[16]

  Su Song also created a celestial atlas as well (in five separate maps), which had the hour circles between the xiu (lunar mansions) forming the astronomical meridians, with stars marked in quasi-orthomorphic cylindrical projection on each side of the equator, and thus was in accordance to their north polar distances.^[17] Not until the work of Gerard Mercator in 1569 was a celestial map of this projection created in the Western world.^[17] Furthermore, Su Song must have taken advantage of the astronomical findings of his political rival and contemporary astronomer Shen Kuo (1031–1095).^[18] This is so because Su Song's fourth star map places the position of the pole star halfway between Tian shu (-350 degrees) and the current Polaris; this was the more accurate calculation (by 3 degrees) that Shen Kuo had made when he observed the pole star over a period of three months with his width-improved sighting tube.^[18] There were many star maps written before Song's book, but the greatest significance of these star maps by Su Song is that they represent the oldest existent star maps in printed form.^[19]

In the year 1070 Su Song and a team of scholars compiled and edited Ben Cao Tu Jing (Illustrated Pharmacopoeia, original source material from 1058–1061 AD), which was a groundbreaking treatise on pharmaceutical botany, zoology, and mineralogy.^[20] In compiling information for pharmaceutical knowledge, Su Song worked with such notable scholars as Zhang Yuxi, Lin Yi, Zhang Dong, and many others.^[21] This treatise documented a wide range of pharmaceutical practices, including the use of ephedrine as a drug.^[11] It also includes valuable information on metallurgy, with the steel and iron industries during 11^th-century China. In this written work he created a systematic approach to listing various different minerals and their use in medicinal concoctions, such as all the variously known forms of mica that could be used to cure ills through digestion.^[22] Su Song also wrote of the subconchoidal fracture of native cinnabar, signs of ore beds, and provided description on crystal form.^[23] Similar to the ore channels formed by circulation of ground water written of by the later German scientist Georgius Agricola, Su Song made similar statements concerning copper carbonate, as did the earlier Ri Hua Ben Cao of 970 AD with copper sulphate.^[23] It was also the first pharmaceutical treatise written in China to describe the flax Linaceae, Urtica thunbergiana, and Corchoropsis tomentosa (crenata) plants.^[24]

  Su Song compiled one of the greatest Chinese horological treatises of the Middle Ages, surrounding himself with an entourage of notable engineers and astronomers to assist in various projects. Xin Yi Xiang Fa Yao (lit. "Essentials of a New Method for Mechanizing the Rotation of an Armillary Sphere and a Celestial Globe"), written in 1092, was the final product of his life's achievements in horology and clockwork. Fortunately, this book of Su's that was handed down included 47 different illustrations of great detail of the mechanical workings for his astronomical clocktower.^[25]

Su Song's greatest project was the 40-foot-tall water-powered astronomical clocktower constructed in Kaifeng, the wooden pilot model completed in 1088, the bronze components cast by 1090, while the wholly finished work was completed by 1094 during the reign of Emperor Zhezong of Song.^[26][27] The emperor had previously commissioned Han Gonglian, Acting Secretary of the Ministry of Personnel, to head the project, but the leadership position was instead handed down to Su Song. The emperor ordered in 1086 for Su to reconstruct the hun yi, or "armillary clock", for a new clock-tower in the capital city. Su worked with the aid of Han Gong-lian, who applied his extensive knowledge of mathematics to the construction of the clock-tower.^[28] A small-scale wooden model was first crafted by Su Song, testing its intricate parts before applying it to an actual full-scale clock tower.^[29] In the end, the clock-tower had many impressive features, such as the water-powered, rotating armillary sphere crowning the top-level and weighing some 10 to 20 tons,^[29] a bronze celestial globe located in the middle that was 4.5 feet in diameter,^[29] mechanically-timed and rotating manikins dressed in miniature Chinese clothes that would exit miniature opening doors to announce the time of day by presenting designated reading plaques, ringing bells and gongs, or beating drums,^[30] a sophisticated use of oblique gears and an escapement mechanism,^[31] as well as an exterior facade of a fanciful Chinese pagoda. Upon its completion, the tower was called the Shui Yun Yi Xiang Tai, or "Tower for the Water-Powered Sphere and Globe". Joseph Needham writes:

Years after Su's death, the capital city of Kaifeng was besieged and captured in 1127 by the Jurchens of the Manchurian-based Jin Dynasty.^[33][25] The clock-tower was dismantled piece by piece by the Jurchens, who carted its components back to their own capital in modern-day Beijing. However, due to the complexity of the tower, they were unable to successfully piece it back together. The new Emperor Gaozong of Song instructed Su's son, Su Xie, to construct a new astronomical clock-tower in its place, and Su Xie set to work studying his father's texts with a team of other experts. However, they were also unsuccessful in creating another clock tower, and Su Xie was convinced that Su Song had purposefully left out essential components in his written work and diagrams so that others would not steal his ideas. As the sinologist historian Derk Bodde points out, Su Song's astronomical clock did not lead to a new generation of mass producing clockworks throughout China since his work was largely a government-sponsored endeavor for the use of astronomers and astrologers in the imperial court.^[34] For the most part, basic waterclocks and incense time keepers were used in widespread fashion throughout China, yet the mechanical legacy of Su Song did not end with his work, as the rulers of the continuing Yuan Dynasty (1279–1368 AD) had a vested interest in the advancement of mechanical clockworks.^[35] The astronomer Guo Shoujing helped restore the Beijing Ancient Observatory beginning in 1276, where he crafted a water-powered armillary sphere and clock with jack-works being fully implemented throughout the device.^[36] Complex gearing for uniquely Chinese clockworks were continued in the Ming Dynasty (1368–1644), with new designs driven by the power of falling sand instead of water, and some Ming clocks perhaps featured reduction gearing rather than the earlier escapement of Su Song.^[10] The earliest such design of a sand-clock was made by Zhan Xiyuan around 1370, which featured not only the scoop wheel of Su Song' device, but also a new addition of a stationary dial face over which a pointer circulated, much like new European clocks of the same period.^[37]

Su Song's escapement mechanism

      Su Song's escapement is similar and reminiscent of the anchor escapement found in European clockworks of the 17th century.^[38] In Su Song's waterwheel linkwork device the action of the escapement's arrest and release are achieved by gravity exerted periodically as the continuous flow of liquid would fill containers of limited size.^[38] In a single line of evolution, Su Song's clock therefore united the concept of the clepsydra and the mechanical clock into one device run by mechanics and hydraulics. In his memorial, Su Song wrote about this concept:

In his writing, Su Song accredited the predecessor of his working clock to the hydraulic-powered armillary sphere of Zhang Heng (78–139 AD), an earlier Chinese scientist.^[39] Su Song also gained much of his influence from the earlier armillary sphere created by Zhang Sixun (976 AD), who also employed the escapement mechanism and used liquid mercury instead of water in the waterwheel of his astronomical clock tower (since liquid mercury would not freeze during winter and would not corrode and rust metal components over time).^[40] However, Su Song stated in his writing that after Zhang's death, no one was able to replicate his device, much like his own.^[41]

The mechanical clockworks for Su Song's astronomical tower featured a great driving-wheel that was 11 feet in diameter, carrying 36 scoops on its circumference, into each of which water would pour at uniform rate from the 'constant-level tank' (Needham, Fig. 653). The main driving shaft of iron, with its cylindrical necks supported on iron crescent-shaped bearings, ended in a pinion which engages with a gear-wheel at the lower end of the main vertical transmission-shaft.^[42]

Joseph Needham gives a general description of the clock-tower itself:

That was figure Fig. 650, while Fig. 656 displays the upper and lower norias with their tanks and the manual wheel for operating them.

Fig. 657 displays a rather miniature and scaled-down pic for the basics of the escapement mechanism in an illustration (from Su's book), with Needham's caption here in this quote: "The 'celestial balance' or escapement mechanism of Su Sung's clockwork (Xin Yi Xiang Fa Yao, ch. 3, p. 18b),".^[44] The latter figure carefully labels:  

• a right upper lock
• upper link
• left upper lock
• axle or pivot
• long chain
• upper counterweight
• sump
• checking fork of the lower balancing lever
• coupling tongue
• main (ie. lower) counterweight.^[44]

Figure 658. displays a more intricate and most-telling half-page scale drawing of Su Song's large escapement mechanism, labeling these individual parts as they interact with one another:

• arrested spoke
• left upper lock
• scoop being filled by
• water jet from constant-level tank
• small counterweight
• checking fork tripped by a projection pin on the scoop, and forming the near end of
• the lower balancing lever with
• its lower counterweight
• coupling tongue, connected by
• the long chain with
• the upper balancing lever, which has at its far end
• the upper counterweight, and at its near end
• a short length chain connecting it with the upper lock beneath it;
• right upper lock ^[45]

The endless chain drive

  The world's oldest illustrated depiction of an endless power-transmitting chain drive is from Su Song's horological treatise.^[7] It was used in the clockworks for coupling the main drive shaft to the armillary sphere gearbox (rotating three small pinions),^[46] as seen in Needham's Fig. 410 and Fig. 652.^[7] This belonged to the uppermost end of the main vertical transmission shaft, incorporating right angle gears and oblique gears connected by a short idling shaft.^[31] The toothed ring gear called the diurnal motion gear ring was fit around the shell of the armillary sphere along the declination parallel near the southern pole.^[47] Although the ancient Greek Philo of Byzantium (3rd century BC) featured a sort of endless belt for his magazine arcuballista, which did not transmit continuous power,^[46] the influential source for Su Song's chain drive is most likely the continuously-driven chain pump known in China since the Han Dynasty (202 BC–220 AD).^[46] From his horological treatise, Su Song states:

In addition, the motion gear rings and the upper drive wheel both had 600 teeth, which by Su's mathematical precision carefully calculated measured units of the day in a division of 1/600.^[48] These gears having 600 teeth would thus ensure the division the day into basic unit measurements of 2 minutes and 24 seconds.^[48]

Su Song's armillary sphere

  In Joseph Needham's third volume of Science and Civilization in China, the drawing for Fig. 159 displays a drawing of Su Song's armillary sphere (as depicted in his 11th century treatise), complete with three 'nests' or layers of mechanically-rotated rings. It was the earlier Chinese astronomer Li Chun-feng of the Tang Dynasty who in 633 AD created the first armillary sphere with three layers to calibrate multiple aspects of astronomical observation.^[49] Zhang's armillary sphere has often been compared to the 13th century monarch Alfonso X of Castile in Islamic-era Spain. The chief difference was that Alfonso's instrument featured an arrangement for making measurements of the azimuth and altitude, which was present in the Arabic tradition, while Su Song's armillary sphere was duly graduated.^[50] For the drawing of Su's armillary sphere, the listing of components are:

• The Outer Nest ^[5]
  • meridian circle
  • horizon circle
  • outer equator circle

• The Middle Nest^[5]
  • solstitial colure circle
  • ecliptic circle
  • diurnal motion gear-ring, connecting with the power-drive

• The Inner Nest ^[5]
  • polar-mounted declination ring or hour-angle circle, with
  • sighting tube attached to it and strengthened by a
  • diametral brace

• Other Parts^[5]
  • vertical column concealing the transmission shaft
  • supporting columns in the form of dragons
  • cross-piece of the base, incorporating water-levels
  • south polar pivot
  • north polar pivit

Transmission of Su's text throughout time

When Su Song's Xin Yi Xiang Fa Yao was written in 1092 and the horological monograph finalized and presented in 1094, his work was published and widely printed in the north (see woodblock printing and movable type of Bi Sheng). In the south, printing and circulation of his work was not widely distributed until Shi Yuanzhi of Jiangsu had it printed there in 1172.^[2]

The later Ming Dynasty/Qing Dynasty scholar Qian Zeng (1629–1699) held an old volume of Su's work, which he faithfully reproduced in a newly-printed edition. He took special care in avoiding any rewording or inconsistencies with the original text as well.^[2] Again, it was later reprinted by Zhang Xizu (1799–1844).^[2]

In the realm of modern research, the deceased British biochemist and historian of Chinese science Joseph Needham (1900–1995) (known as Li Yuese in China) has done extensive research and analysis of Su Song's texts and various achievements in his Science and Civilization in China book series. Joseph Needham had also related many detailed passages from Su's contemporary medieval Chinese sources on the life of Su and his achievements known in his day.

Interestingly enough, Su Song's treatise on astronomical clockwork was not the only one made in China during his day, as the Song Shi (compiled in 1345) records the written treatise of the Shui Yun Hun Tian Ji Yao (Wade-Giles: Shui Yun Hun Thien Chi Yao; lit. Essentials of the [Technique of] making Astronomical Apparatus revolve by Water-Power), written by Juan Taifa. However, this treatise no longer survives.^[51]

See also

• List of Chinese people
• List of Chinese writers
• List of mineralogists
• List of cartographers
• Clock tower
• Water clock
• Pin-lever watch
• Grasshopper escapement
• Technology of the Song Dynasty
• Richard of Wallingford
• Villard de Honnecourt
• Giovanni de Dondi
• John Harrison
• Thomas Tompion
• George Graham
• Jean Froissart
• Dante Alighieri

Notes

References