Rosocyanine

Rosocyanine and Rubrocurcumin are two red colored materials, which are formed by the reaction between curcumin and borates.

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Application

The color reaction between borates and curcumin is used within the spectrophotometrical determination and quantification of boron present in food or materials. Curcumin is a yellow coloring natural pigment, found in the root stocks of some Curcuma species, especially in Curcuma longa (cf. turmeric) in concentrations up to 3 %. In the so called curcumin method for boron quantification it serves as reaction partner for boric acid. The reaction is very sensitive and also smallest quantities of boron can be detected. The maximum absorbance at 540 nm for rosocyanine is used in this colorimetric method. The formation of rosocyanine depends on the reaction conditions. The reaction is carried out preferentially in acidic solutions containing hydrochloric or sulfuric acid. The color reaction also takes place under different conditions, but in alkaline solution however gradually decomposition is observed. The reaction might be disturbed at higher pH values, interferencing with other compounds.

Rosocyanine is formed as 2 : 1-complex from curcumin and boric acid in acidic solutions. Curcumin possesses a 1,3-diketone structure and can therefore considered as a chelating agent. The formed boron complexes are called dioxaborines (here a 1,3,2-dioxaborine). The structural formula 1 given for rosocyanine (a cationic dicurcuminatoboron complex, here written with chloride as counter ion) is idealized. Investigations on the structure show that the positive charge is distributed all over the molecule, and therefore a structure as indicated in formula 2 rather describes the molecule condition. In rosocyanin the two curcumin molecules halves are not plain within the same level, but are twisted against each other. The same applies to rubrocurcumin.

In order to exclude the disturbing presence of other materials during the boron quantification using the curcumin method, a variant was developed. 2,2-Dimethyl-1,3-hexanediol or 2-ethyl-1,3-hexanediol are added, in addition to curcumin, to a neutral solution of the boron-containing solution. The formed complex between boron and the 1,3-hexanediol derivate, is removed from the aqueous solution by extraction in an organic solvent. After acidifying the organic phase, rubrocyanine is formed, which could be measured by colorimetric methods. The reaction of curcumin with borates in presence of oxalic acid therefore produces the coloring material rubrocurcumin.

Characteristics

Rosocyanine - [sum formula [B(C₂₁H₁₉O₆)₂]Cl, here given as chloride] - is a dark-green colored solid with glossy-metallic shine, forming red colored solutions. In water and some organic solvents it is almost insoluble, in ethanol it is very slightly soluble (up to 0.01%), but in pyridine, sulfuric acid and acetic acid a clearly better solubility is observed (approx. 1%). An alcoholic solution of rosocyanine temporarily turns deeply blue on treatment with alkali.

In rubrocurcumin one molecule curcumin is replaced with oxalic acid. Rubrocurcumin produces a similar red colored solution.

Rosocyanine is build from ions, while rubrocurcumin is a neutrally charged composition.

See also

• Curcuminoids

References

• M. E. Schlumberger: Sur la réaction de l'acide borique sur la curcumine. In: Bulletin de la Société Chimique de Paris N.S. 5, p. 194-202 (1866), ISSN: 0991-6504.
• L. Clarke and C. L. Jackson: Rosocyanine. In: American Chemical Journal Vol. 39, p. 696-719 (1908); ISSN: 0096-4085, CODEN: ACJOAZ.
• G. P. Spicer and J. D. H. Strickland: Compounds of curcumin and boric acid. Part I. The structure of rosocyanine. In: Journal of the Chemical Society (London), p. 4644-4650 (1952). ISSN: 0368-1769, CODEN: JCSOA9.
• G. P. Spicer and J. D. H. Strickland: Compounds of curcumin and boric acid. Part II. The structure of rubrocurcumin. In: Journal of the Chemical Society (London), p. 4650-4653 (1952). ISSN: 0368-1769, CODEN: JCSOA9.
• L. J. Bellamy, G. P. Spicer and J. D. H. Strickland: Compounds of curcumin and boric acid. Part III. Infra-red studies of rosocyanine and allied compounds. In: Journal of the Chemical Society (London), p. 4653-4656 (1952). ISSN: 0368-1769, CODEN: JCSOA9.
• G. P. Spicer and J. D. H. Strickland: Determination of microgram and submicrogram amounts of boron. I. Absorptiometric determination with curcumin. In: Analytica Chimica Acta Vol. 18, p. 231-239 (1958); ISSN: 0003-2670, CODEN: ACACAM.
• H. J. Roth and B. Miller: Zur Kenntnis der Farbreaktion zwischen Borsaeure und Curcumin, I. In: Archiv der Pharmazie, Berichte der Deutschen Pharmazeutischen Gesellschaft Vol. 297, No. 10, p. 617-623 (1964); ISSN: 0376-0367, CODEN: APBDAJ.
• H. J. Roth and B. Miller: Zur Kenntnis der Farbreaktion zwischen Borsaeure und Curcumin, II. In: Archiv der Pharmazie, Berichte der Deutschen Pharmazeutischen Gesellschaft Vol. 297, No. 11, p. 660-673 (1964); ISSN: 0376-0367, CODEN: APBDAJ.
• Fritz Umland, Detlef Thierig and Gunther Mueller: Photometrische Bestimmung von Bor im Picogram-Bereich. In: Fresenius Journal of Analytical Chemistry Vol. 215, No. 5, p. 401-406 (1966); ISSN: 0937-0633, CODEN: FJACEP.
• P. Quint and F. Umland: On the composition of the (1 2)-boron-curcumin-chelate »rosocyanine«. In: Fresenius Journal of Analytical Chemistry Vol. 295, No. 4, p. 269-270 (1979); ISSN: 0937-0633, CODEN: FJACEP.
• David W. Dyrssen, Yu. P. Novikov and Leif R. Uppstrom: Chemistry of the determination of boron with curcumin. In: Analytica Chimica Acta Vol. 60, No. 1, p. 139-151 (1972); ISSN: 0003-2670, CODEN: ACACAM.
• C. G. Kowalenko and L. M. Lavkulich: A modified curcumin method for boron analysis of soil extracts. In: Canadian Journal of Soil Science Vol. 56, No. 4, p. 537-539 (1976); ISSN: 0008-4271, CODEN: CJSSAR.
• Ulrike de la Chevallerie-Haaf, Axel Meyer and Guenter Henze: Photometrische Bestimmung von Bor im Grund- and Oberflächenwasser. In: Fresenius Journal of Analytical Chemistry Vol. 323, No. 3, P. 266-270 (1986); ISSN: 0937-0633, CODEN: FJACEP.
• Elsie M. Donaldson: Spectrophotometric determination of boron in iron and steel with curcumin after separation by 2-ethyl-1,3-hexanediol-chloroform extraction. In: Talanta Vol. 28, No. 11, p. 825-831 (1981); ISSN: 0039-9140, CODEN: TLNTA2.
• B. Wikner: Boron determination in natural waters with curcumin using 2,2-dimethyl-1,3-hexanediol to eliminate interferences. In: Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis Vol. 12, No. 7, p. 697-709 (1981); ISSN: 0010-3624, CODEN: CSOSA2.