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Polystannane
Additional recommended knowledge
Introduction
Remarkably, the first preparation of oligo- or polystannanes was published by Löwig already in 1852 [1], only 2 years after Franklands report [2] on the isolation of organotin compounds (considered to be the first publication on such compounds). Löwig prepared oligo- or polystannanes by an exothermic reaction of iodoethane with a Sn/K or a Sn/Na alloy, in the presence of quartz sand which was used to control the reaction rate. After work-up of the reaction mixture, fractions of organotin compounds with elemental compositions close to those of oligo(diethylstannane)s or poly(diethylstannane) were obtained. Cahours [3, 4] obtained similar products and attributed the formation of the so-called stannic ethyl to a reaction of the Wurtz type. Interestingly, already in 1858, stannic ethyl was formulated as a polymeric compound denoted with the composition n(SnC4H5) [5]. In 1917 Grüttner [6], who reinvestigated results on hexaethyl-distannanes(H5C2)3Sn-Sn(C2H5)3 reported by Ladenburg in 1870 [7] confirmed the presence of Sn-Sn bonds and predicated for the first time that tin could form chain like compounds. In 1943, it was postulated that “diphenyltin” exists as a type of polymeric material because of its yellow color [8], and indeed a bathochromic shift of the wavelength at maximum absorption with increasing number of Sn atoms was found later in the case of oligo(dibutylstannane)s comprising up to 15 Sn atoms [9].
Synthesis and Characterization of Pure Linear Polystannanes
A facile dehydropolymerization of dialkytin dihydrides (R2SnH2) with Wilkinson’s catalyst, was found in 2005 [23], which provide polystannanes without detectable amounts of "cyclic"-byproducts. This convenient, rapid and high-yield synthesis was employed to produce a variety of polystannanes comprising different side groups. The polymers synthesized were of a yellow color, featured consistencies that ranged from soft to honey-like, number average molar masses of 10 to 70 kg/mol and a polydispersity of 2 – 3.
References[1] C. Löwig, Mitt. Naturforsch. Ges. Zürich, 1852, 2, 556. [2] E. Frankland, Q. J. Chem. Soc., 1850, 2, 263. [3] A. Cahours, Ann. Chem. Pharm. (Liebig’s Ann.), 1860, 114, 227. [4] A. Cahours, Ann. Chim. Phys., Sér. 3, 1860, 58, 5. [5] A. Strecker, Ann. Chem. Pharm. (Liebig’s Ann.), 1858, 105, 306. [6] G. Grüttner, Ber. Deutsch. Chem. Gesell., 1917, 50, 1808. [7] A. Ladenburg, Ber. Deutsch. Chem. Gesell., 1870, 3, 353. [8] K. A. Jensen, N. Clauson-Kaas, Z. anorg. allg. Chem., 1943, 250, 277. [9] L. R. Sita, K. W. Terry, K. Shibata, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1995, 117, 8049. [10] A. Wurtz, Ann. Chim. Phys., Sér. 3, 1855, 44, 275. [11] P. Pfeiffer, R. Prade, H. Rekate, Chem. Ber., 1911, 44, 1269. [12] N. Devylder, M. Hill, K. C. Molloy, G. J. Price, Chem. Commun., 1996, 711. [13] S. J. Holder, R. G. Jones, R. E. Benfield, M. J. Went, Polymer, 1996, 37, 3477. [14] W. K. Zou, N. L. Yang, Polym. Prep. (Am. Chem. Soc. Div. Polym. Chem.), 1992, 33, 188. [15] A. Mustafa, M. Achilleos, J. Ruiz-Iban, J. Davies, R. E. Benfield, R. G. Jones, D. Grandjean, S. J. Holder, React. Funct. Polym., 2006, 66, 123. [16] T. Imori, V. Lu, H. Cai, T. D. Tilley, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1995, 117, 9931. [17] M. Okano, N. Matsumoto, M. Arakawa, T. Tsuruta, H. Hamano, Chem. Commun., 1998, 1799. [18] M. Okano, K. Watanabe, Electrochem. Commun., 2000, 2, 471. [19] T. Imori, T. D. Tilley, J. Chem. Soc., Chem. Commun., 1993, 1607. [20] V. Y. Lu, T. D. Tilley, Macromolecules, 2000, 33, 2403. [21] H. G. Woo, J. M. Park, S. J. Song, S. Y. Yang, I. S. Kim, W. G. Kim, Bull. Korean Chem. Soc., 1997, 18, 1291. [22] H. G. Woo, S. J. Song, B. H. Kim, Bull. Korean Chem. Soc., 1998, 19, 1161. [23] F. Choffat, P. Smith, W. Caseri, J. Mater. Chem., 2005, 15, 1789. [24] M. P. de Haas, F. Choffat, W. Caseri, P. Smith, J. M. Warman, Adv. Mater., 2006, 18, 44. Categories: Polymers | Polymer chemistry | Inorganic polymers | Conductive polymers | Plastics |
This article is licensed under the GNU Free Documentation License. It uses material from the Wikipedia article "Polystannane". A list of authors is available in Wikipedia. |