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Phenanthrene
Phenanthrene is a polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon composed of three fused benzene rings--as the above formula shows. The name Phenanthrene is a composite of phenyl and anthracene. It provides the framework for the Steroids. In its pure form, it is found in cigarette smoke and is a known irritant, photosensitising skin to light. Additional recommended knowledgeThe compound with a phenanthrene skeleton and nitrogens at the 4 and 5 position, so IUPAC name 4,5-diazaphenanthrene, is known as phenanthroline. ChemistryA classical phenanthrene synthesis is the Bardhan-Sengupta Phenanthrene Synthesis (1932) [1]. In the second step of this reaction 9,10-dihydrophenanthrene is oxidized with elemental selenium. Phenanthrene can also be obtained photochemically from certain diarylethenes.
Canonical forms of PhenanthrenePhenanthrene has five resonance structures, given below:
The third and fourth rnce structures appear to be the same; they are in fact just 180° rotations of each other, as the molecule is planar. However, they do deserve to be treated as separate structures, as what matters are the bonds on the individual carbon atoms, which remain fixed even when we rotate our frame of reference. Phenanthrene is more stable than its linear isomer anthracene. A classic and well established explanation is based on Clar's rule. A novel theory invokes so-called stabilizing hydrogen-hydrogen bonds between the C4 and C5 hydrogen atoms. More information on phenanthrene is available [1] [2]. References
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This article is licensed under the GNU Free Documentation License. It uses material from the Wikipedia article "Phenanthrene". A list of authors is available in Wikipedia. |