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Pfitzinger reaction



The Pfitzinger reaction (also known as the Pfitzinger-Borsche reaction) is the chemical reaction of isatin with base and a carbonyl compound to give substituted quinoline-4-carboxylic acids.[1][2]

Several reviews have been published.[3][4][5]

Contents

Reaction mechanism

The reaction of isatin with a base such as potassium hydroxide hydrolyses the amide bond to give the keto-acid 2. This intermediate can be isolated, but is typically not. A ketone (or aldehyde) will react with the aniline to give the imine (3) and the enamine (4). The enamine will cyclize and dehydrate to give the desired quiniline (5).

Variations

Halberkann variant

Reaction of N-acyl isatins with base gives 2-hydroxy-quinoline-4-carboxylic acids.[6]

References

  1. ^ Pfitzinger, W. J. Prakt. Chem. 1886, 33, 100.
  2. ^ Pfitzinger, W. J. Prakt. Chem. 1888, 38, 582.
  3. ^ Manske, R. H. Chem. Rev. 1942, 30, 126. (Review)
  4. ^ Bergstrom, F. W. Chem. Rev. 1944, 35, 152. (Review)
  5. ^ Shvekhgeimer, M. G.-A. Chemistry of Heterocyclic Compounds 2004, 40, 257-294. (Review, doi:10.1023/B:COHC.0000028623.41308.e5)
  6. ^ Halberkann, J. Ber. 1921, 54, 3090.

See also

 
This article is licensed under the GNU Free Documentation License. It uses material from the Wikipedia article "Pfitzinger_reaction". A list of authors is available in Wikipedia.
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