Nitrophosphate process

The nitrophosphate process (also known as the Odda process) was a method for the industrial production of nitrogen fertilizers invented by Erling Johnson in the city of Odda, Norway around 1927.

Additional recommended knowledge

Essential Laboratory Skills Guide

Daily Visual Balance Check

Weighing the right way

The process involves acidifying phosphate rock with nitric acid to produce a mixture of phosphoric acid and calcium nitrate.

Ca₃(PO₄)₂ + 6 HNO₃ + 12 H₂O → 2 H₃PO₄ + 3 Ca(NO₃)₂ + 12 H₂O

The mixture is cooled to below 0 degrees Celsius, where the calcium nitrate crystalises and can be separated from the phosphoric acid.

2 H₃PO₄ + 3 Ca(NO₃)₂ + 12 H₂O → 2 H₃PO₄ + 3 Ca(NO₃)₂.4H₂O

The resulting calcium nitrate produces nitrogen fertilizer. The filtrate is composed mainly of phosphoric acid with some nitric acid and traces of calcium nitrate, and this is neutralized with ammonia to produce a compound fertilizer.

Ca(NO₃)₂ + 4 H₃PO₄ + 8 NH₃ → CaHPO₄ + 2 NH₄NO₃ + 3(NH₄)₂HPO₄

If potassium chloride or potassium sulfate is added, the result will be NPK fertilizer. The process was an innovation for requiring neither the expensive sulphuric acid nor producing gypsum waste.

The calcium nitrate mentioned before, can as said be worked up as calcium nitrate fertilizer but often it is converted into ammonium nitrate and calcium carbonate using carbon dioxide and ammonia.

Ca(NO₃)₂ + 2 NH₃ + CO₂ + H₂O → 2 NH₄NO₃ + CaCO₃

Both products can be worked up together as straight nitrogen fertilizer.

Although Johnson created the process while working for the Odda Smelteverk, his company never employed it. Instead, it licensed the process to Norsk Hydro, BASF, Hoechst, and DSM. Each of these companies used the process, introduced variations, and licensed it to other companies. Today, only Yara (Norsk Hydro), BASF, AgroLinz, and GNFC still use the Odda process. Due to the alterations of the process by the various companies who employed it, the process is now generally referred to as the nitrophosphate process.