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Manganese dioxide
Manganese(IV) oxide is the chemical compound MnO2, commonly called manganese dioxide. This blackish or brown solid occurs naturally as the mineral pyrolusite, which is the main ore of manganese. It is also present in manganese nodules. The principal use for MnO2 is for dry-cell batteries, such as the alkaline battery and the zinc-carbon battery. In 1976 this application accounted for 500,000 tonnes of pyrolusite.[1] MnO2 is also used for production of MnO4–. It is used extensively as an oxidising agent in organic synthesis, for example, for the oxidation of allylic alcohols. Additional recommended knowledge
MnO2 in organic synthesisManganese dioxide is used as an oxidant in organic synthesis. The effectiveness of the reagent depends on the method of preparation, a problem that is typical for other heterogeneous reagents where surface area, among other variables, is a significant factor.[1] The mineral pyrolusite makes a poor reagent. Usually, however, the reagent is generated by treatment of an aqueous solution KMnO4 with a Mn(II) salt, typically the sulfate at various pH’s. The predominant application of MnO2 is for the oxidation of allylic alcohols to the corresponding aldehydes:
The configuration of the double bond is conserved in the reaction. The corresponding acetylenic alcohols are also suitable substrates, although the resulting propargylic aldehydes can be quite reactive. Benzylic and even unactivated alcohols are also good substrates. 1,2-Diols are cleaved by MnO2 to dialdehydes or diketones. Otherwise, the applications of MnO2 are numerous, being applicable to many kinds of reactions including amine oxidation, aromatization, oxidative coupling, and thiol oxidation. MiscellaneousSome examples of the use of MnO2 are given below:
Other oxides of manganeseThe green salt potassium manganate is obtained in minutes when a solution of MnO2 in molten KOH or NaOH is treated with oxidizing agents such as potassium nitrate (KNO3), potassium perchlorate (KClO4), or even oxygen gas:
Potassium manganate converts into purple potassium permanganate in aqueous acidic solution: 3 MnO42– + 4 H+ → 2 MnO4– + MnO2(s) + 2 H2O References
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Categories: Manganese compounds | Oxides | Oxidizing agents |
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This article is licensed under the GNU Free Documentation License. It uses material from the Wikipedia article "Manganese_dioxide". A list of authors is available in Wikipedia. |