Lawrence Joseph Henderson

Lawrence Joseph Henderson (b. 1878, Lynn, Massachusetts – d. 1942, Cambridge, Massachusetts) was a physiologist, chemist,biologist, philosopher, and sociologist. He became one of the leading biochemists of the first decades of the 20th century.

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Lawrence Henderson graduated from Harvard College in 1898 and from Harvard Medical School in 1902, receiving the M. D. (Medical Doctor) degree cum laude. Then followed two years in chemical research at the University of Strasbourg (then Germany) with advanced scientific training in Franz Hofmeister's physiological laboratory. He became professor of biological chemistry, and later professor of chemistry, in Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts. He was also introduced into philosophy and sociology by faculty members of Harvard University. He established some institutes in Harvard, especially the Fatigue Laboratory for physiological and sociological research on fatigue with the support of the Harvard Business School, and the Harvard Medical School, and he became the director.

Henderson investigated acid-base regulation (1906-1920). He found that acid-base balance is regulated by buffer systems of the blood in complex coordination with respiration, the lung, red blood cells, and with the kidneys. After him is named the Henderson equation and the Henderson-Hasselbalch equation. In addition, he described blood gas transport and the general physiology of blood as physico-chemical system (1920-1932). He invented and constructed new charts, nomograms, with the help of P. M. d'Ocagne. He introduced nomograms into physiology and biology as well. The consequental inter-relations of various factors were shown in his book Blood in more than one hundred nomograms.

In his classical book The Fitness of the Environment (1913) we find "an inquiry into the biological significance of the properties of matter" (Henderson). He saw the properties of matter and the course of cosmic evolution intimately related to the structure of the living being and to its activities. He concluded: "the whole evolutionary process, both cosmic and organic, is one, and the biologist may now rightly regard the universe in its very essence as biocentric."

As a sociologist (1932-1942) he applied the functionalism of physiological regulation to the phenomena of social behavior basing on his concept of social systems. He described social systems with the help of the sociology of Vilfredo Pareto. In contrast to Pareto, Henderson applied the concept of social systems to all disciplines that study the meanings communicated in interactions between two or more persons acting in roles or role-sets. Henderson influenced many Harvard sociologists, especially Talcott Parsons, George C. Homans, Robert K. Merton, and Elton Mayo who all became pioneers in sociology or psychology.

Henderson's investigations had their inception and consummation in the philosopher's chair. In spite of his diversity of interests, his work exhibits in retrospect a fundamental unity; his career was largely devoted to the study of the organization of the organism, the universe, and society.

Books

• The Fitness of the Environment. Macmillan, New York, 1913 (German edition in 1914),
• The Order of Nature. Harvard University Press, Cambridge, London, 1917 (French edition in 1924),
• Blood. A Study in General Physiology. Yale University Press, New Haven, and Humphrey Milford, Oxford University Press, London, 1928 (French edition in 1931, German edition in 1932),
• Pareto's General Sociology. Harvard University Press, Cambridge, 1935.
• On the Social System. Ed. by Bernard Barber, University of Chicago Press, Chicago and London, 1970.

References

• Hankins, T. L. Blood, dirt, and nomograms: A particular history of graphs. Isis 90, 1 (1999), 50-80.