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Knorr quinoline synthesisThe Knorr quinoline synthesis is an intramolecular organic reaction converting a β-ketoanilide to a 2-hydroxyquinoline using sulfuric acid. This reaction was first described by Ludwig Knorr (1859 - 1921) in 1886 [1] Additional recommended knowledge
The reaction is a type of electrophilic aromatic substitution accompanied by elimination of water. A 1964 study found that with certain reaction conditions formation of a 4-hydroxyquinoline is a competing reaction [2]. For instance, the compound benzoylacetanilide (1) forms the 2-hydroxyquinoline (2) in a large excess of polyphosphoric acid (PPA) but 4-hydroxyquinoline 3 when the amount of PPA is small. A reaction mechanism identified a N,O-dicationic intermediate A with excess acid capable of ring-closing and a monocationic intermediate B which fragments to aniline and (ultimately to) acetophenone. Aniline reacts with another equivalent of benzoylacetanilide before forming the 4-hydroxyquinoline. A 2007 study [3] revised the reaction mechanism and based on NMR spectroscopy and theoretical calculations favors a O,O-dicationic intermediate (a superelectrophile) over the N,O dicationic intermediate . For preparative purposes triflic acid is recommended: References
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This article is licensed under the GNU Free Documentation License. It uses material from the Wikipedia article "Knorr_quinoline_synthesis". A list of authors is available in Wikipedia. |