Naturally occurring Nickel (Ni) is composed of 5 stable isotopes; 58Ni, 60Ni, 61Ni, 62Ni and 64Ni with 58Ni being the most abundant (68.077% natural abundance). 18 radioisotopes have been characterised with the most stable being 59Ni with a half-life of 76,000 years, 63Ni with a half-life of 100.1 years, and 56Ni with a half-life of 6.077 days. All of the remaining radioactive isotopes have half-lives that are less than 60 hours and the majority of these have half-lives that are less than 30 seconds. This element also has 1 meta state.
Additional recommended knowledge
Nickel-56 is produced in large quantities in type Ia supernovae and the shape of the light curve of these supernovae corresponds to the decay of nickel-56 to cobalt-56 and then to iron-56.
Nickel-59 is a long-lived cosmogenic radionuclide with a half-life of 76,000 years. 59Ni has found many applications in isotope geology. 59Ni has been used to date the terrestrial age of meteorites and to determine abundances of extraterrestrial dust in ice and sediment. Nickel-60 is the daughter product of the extinct radionuclide 60Fe (half-life = 1.5 Myr). Because the extinct radionuclide 60Fe had such a long half-life, its persistence in materials in the solar system at high enough concentrations may have generated observable variations in the isotopic composition of 60Ni. Therefore, the abundance of 60Ni present in extraterrestrial material may provide insight into the origin of the solar system and its early history.
Nickel-62 has the highest binding energy per nucleon of any isotope for any element. Isotopes heavier than 62Ni cannot be formed by nuclear fusion without losing energy.
Nickel-48, discovered in 1999, is the most proton-rich nickel isotope known . With 28 protons and 20 neutrons 48Ni is "doubly magic" (like 208Pb) and therefore unusually stable
[1].
The isotopes of nickel range in atomic weight from 48 u (48-Ni) to 78 u (78-Ni). Nickel-78's half-life was recently measured to be 110 milliseconds and is believed to be an important isotope involved in supernova nucleosynthesis of elements heavier than iron. [1]
Standard atomic mass: 58.6934(2) u
Table
nuclide symbol
| Z(p)
| N(n)
| isotopic mass (u)
| half-life
| nuclear spin
| representative isotopic composition (mole fraction)
| range of natural variation (mole fraction)
|
excitation energy
|
48Ni
| 28
| 20
| 48.01975(54)#
| 10# ms [>500 ns]
| 0+
|
|
|
49Ni
| 28
| 21
| 49.00966(43)#
| 13(4) ms [12(+5-3) ms]
| 7/2-#
|
|
|
50Ni
| 28
| 22
| 49.99593(28)#
| 9.1(18) ms
| 0+
|
|
|
51Ni
| 28
| 23
| 50.98772(28)#
| 30# ms [>200 ns]
| 7/2-#
|
|
|
52Ni
| 28
| 24
| 51.97568(9)#
| 38(5) ms
| 0+
|
|
|
53Ni
| 28
| 25
| 52.96847(17)#
| 45(15) ms
| (7/2-)#
|
|
|
54Ni
| 28
| 26
| 53.95791(5)
| 104(7) ms
| 0+
|
|
|
55Ni
| 28
| 27
| 54.951330(12)
| 204.7(17) ms
| 7/2-
|
|
|
56Ni
| 28
| 28
| 55.942132(12)
| 6.075(10) d
| 0+
|
|
|
57Ni
| 28
| 29
| 56.9397935(19)
| 35.60(6) h
| 3/2-
|
|
|
58Ni
| 28
| 30
| 57.9353429(7)
| STABLE [>700E+18 a]
| 0+
| 0.680769(89)
|
|
59Ni
| 28
| 31
| 58.9343467(7)
| 7.6(5)E+4 a
| 3/2-
|
|
|
60Ni
| 28
| 32
| 59.9307864(7)
| STABLE
| 0+
| 0.262231(77)
|
|
61Ni
| 28
| 33
| 60.9310560(7)
| STABLE
| 3/2-
| 0.011399(6)
|
|
62Ni
| 28
| 34
| 61.9283451(6)
| STABLE
| 0+
| 0.036345(17)
|
|
63Ni
| 28
| 35
| 62.9296694(6)
| 100.1(20) a
| 1/2-
|
|
|
63mNi
| 87.15(11) keV
| 1.67(3) µs
| 5/2-
|
|
|
64Ni
| 28
| 36
| 63.9279660(7)
| STABLE
| 0+
| 0.009256(9)
|
|
65Ni
| 28
| 37
| 64.9300843(7)
| 2.5172(3) h
| 5/2-
|
|
|
65mNi
| 63.37(5) keV
| 69(3) µs
| 1/2-
|
|
|
66Ni
| 28
| 38
| 65.9291393(15)
| 54.6(3) h
| 0+
|
|
|
67Ni
| 28
| 39
| 66.931569(3)
| 21(1) s
| 1/2-
|
|
|
67mNi
| 1007(3) keV
| 13.3(2) µs
| 9/2+
|
|
|
68Ni
| 28
| 40
| 67.931869(3)
| 29(2) s
| 0+
|
|
|
68m1Ni
| 1770.0(10) keV
| 276(65) ns
| 0+
|
|
|
68m2Ni
| 2849.1(3) keV
| 860(50) µs
| 5-
|
|
|
69Ni
| 28
| 41
| 68.935610(4)
| 11.5(3) s
| 9/2+
|
|
|
69m1Ni
| 321(2) keV
| 3.5(4) s
| (1/2-)
|
|
|
69m2Ni
| 2701(10) keV
| 439(3) ns
| (17/2-)
|
|
|
70Ni
| 28
| 42
| 69.93650(37)
| 6.0(3) s
| 0+
|
|
|
70mNi
| 2860(2) keV
| 232(1) ns
| 8+
|
|
|
71Ni
| 28
| 43
| 70.94074(40)
| 2.56(3) s
| 1/2-#
|
|
|
72Ni
| 28
| 44
| 71.94209(47)
| 1.57(5) s
| 0+
|
|
|
73Ni
| 28
| 45
| 72.94647(32)#
| 0.84(3) s
| (9/2+)
|
|
|
74Ni
| 28
| 46
| 73.94807(43)#
| 0.68(18) s
| 0+
|
|
|
75Ni
| 28
| 47
| 74.95287(43)#
| 0.6(2) s
| (7/2+)#
|
|
|
76Ni
| 28
| 48
| 75.95533(97)#
| 470(390) ms [0.24(+55-24) s]
| 0+
|
|
|
77Ni
| 28
| 49
| 76.96055(54)#
| 300# ms [>300 ns]
| 9/2+#
|
|
|
78Ni
| 28
| 50
| 77.96318(118)#
| 200# ms [>300 ns]
| 0+
|
|
|
Notes
- Values marked # are not purely derived from experimental data, but at least partly from systematic trends. Spins with weak assignment arguments are enclosed in parentheses.
- Uncertainties are given in concise form in parentheses after the corresponding last digits. Uncertainty values denote one standard deviation, except isotopic composition and standard atomic mass from IUPAC which use expanded uncertainties.
References
- ^ W., P. (October 23, 1999). Twice-magic metal makes its debut - isotope of nickel. Science News. Retrieved on 2006-09-29.
- Isotope masses from Ame2003 Atomic Mass Evaluation by G. Audi, A.H. Wapstra, C. Thibault, J. Blachot and O. Bersillon in Nuclear Physics A729 (2003).
- Isotopic compositions and standard atomic masses from Atomic weights of the elements. Review 2000 (IUPAC Technical Report). Pure Appl. Chem. Vol. 75, No. 6, pp. 683-800, (2003) and Atomic Weights Revised (2005).
- Half-life, spin, and isomer data selected from these sources. Editing notes on this article's talk page.
- Audi, Bersillon, Blachot, Wapstra. The Nubase2003 evaluation of nuclear and decay properties, Nuc. Phys. A 729, pp. 3-128 (2003).
- National Nuclear Data Center, Brookhaven National Laboratory. Information extracted from the NuDat 2.1 database (retrieved Sept. 2005).
- David R. Lide (ed.), Norman E. Holden in CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 85th Edition, online version. CRC Press. Boca Raton, Florida (2005). Section 11, Table of the Isotopes.
|