HER2/neu

V-erb-b2 erythroblastic leukemia viral oncogene homolog 2, neuro/glioblastoma derived oncogene homolog (avian)
PDB rendering based on 1n8z.
Available structures: 1n8z, 1s78, 2a91
Identifiers
Symbol(s)	ERBB2; HER-2; HER-2/neu; HER2; NEU; NGL; TKR1; c-erb B2
External IDs	OMIM: 164870 MGI: 95410 Homologene: 3273
Gene Ontology Molecular Function: • nucleotide binding • protein-tyrosine kinase activity • non-membrane spanning protein tyrosine kinase activity • receptor signaling protein tyrosine kinase activity • receptor activity • epidermal growth factor receptor activity • iron ion binding • ATP binding • electron carrier activity • transferase activity • identical protein binding • ErbB-3 class receptor binding • protein heterodimerization activity Cellular Component: • extracellular region • cytoplasm • plasma membrane • membrane • integral to membrane • apical plasma membrane Biological Process: • electron transport • protein amino acid phosphorylation • transmembrane receptor protein tyrosine kinase signaling pathway • peripheral nervous system development • heart development • cell proliferation • mammary gland development • myelination • positive regulation of MAPK activity • regulation of angiogenesis • phosphoinositide-mediated signaling • positive regulation of epithelial cell proliferation
RNA expression pattern
Additional recommended knowledge Recognize and detect the effects of electrostatic charges on your balance Daily Visual Balance Check Essential Laboratory Skills Guide More reference expression data
Orthologs
	Human	Mouse
Entrez	2064	13866
Ensembl	ENSG00000141736	ENSMUSG00000062312
Uniprot	P04626	Q80Y89
Refseq	NM_001005862 (mRNA) NP_001005862 (protein)	NM_001003817 (mRNA) NP_001003817 (protein)
Location	Chr 17: 35.1 - 35.14 Mb	Chr 11: 98.23 - 98.25 Mb
Pubmed search	[1]	[2]

HER2/neu (also known as ErbB-2, ERBB2) is a member of the ErbB protein family, more commonly known as the epidermal growth factor receptor family. HER2/neu is notable for its role in the pathogenesis of breast cancer and as a target of treatment. It is a cell membrane surface-bound receptor tyrosine kinase and is normally involved in the signal transduction pathways leading to cell growth and differentiation. HER2 is thought to be an orphan receptor, with none of the EGF family of ligands able to activate it. However, ErbB receptors dimerise on ligand binding, and HER2 is the preferential dimerisation partner of other members of the ErbB family.^[1] The HER2 gene is a proto-oncogene located at the long arm of human chromosome 17(17q11.2-q12).

Approximately 25-30 percent of breast cancers have an amplification of the HER2/neu gene or overexpression of its protein product.^[2] Overexpression of this receptor in breast cancer is associated with increased disease recurrence and worse prognosis. Because of its prognostic role as well as its ability to predict response to trastuzumab (see below), breast tumors are routinely checked for overexpression of HER2/neu. Overexpression also occurs in other cancer such as ovarian cancer and stomach cancer.

The oncogene neu is so-named because it was derived from a neuroglioblastoma cell line in rat. HER2 is named because it has similar structure to human epidermal growth factor receptor, or HER1. ErbB2 was named for its similarity to ErbB (avian erythroblastosis oncogene B), the oncogene later found to code for EGFR. Gene cloning showed that neu, HER2, and ErbB2 were the same.

Clinically, HER2/neu is important as the target of the monoclonal antibody trastuzumab (marketed as Herceptin). Trastuzumab is only effective in breast cancer where the HER2/neu receptor is overexpressed.

HER2 is co-localized, and thus most of the time co-amplified with the gene GRB7, which is as well a proto-oncogene (active in e.g. breast cancer, testicular germ cell tumor, gastric cancer, and esophageal cancer).

The HER2 gene overexpression can be suppressed by the amplification of other genes and the use of the drug Herceptin. Research is currently being conducted to discover which disregulated genes may have this desired effect. Another monoclonal antibody, pertuzumab [3], which inhibits dimerization of HER2 and HER3 receptors, is in advanced clinical trials.

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Further reading