My watch list
my.chemeurope.com  
Login  

Guerbet reaction



The Guerbet reaction is an organic reaction converting a primary aliphatic alcohol into its β-alkylated dimer alcohol with loss of one equivalent of water [1] This reaction requires a catalyst and elevated temperatures.

The original 1899 publication concerned the conversion of 1-butanol to 2-ethyl-1-hexanol. The alcohols dervied from this reaction are called Guerbet alcohols. Application of long-chained aliphatic alcohols gives access to surfactants.

The reaction requires alkali metal hydroxides or alkoxides and hydrogenation catalysts such as Raney Nickel at higher temperature (220 °C) and pressure.

Reaction mechanism

The reaction mechanism for this reaction is a four-step sequence. In the first step the alcohol is oxidized to the aldehyde. These intermediates then react in an Aldol condensation to the vinyl aldehyde which the hydrogenation catalyst then reduces to the alcohol.

The Cannizzaro reaction is a competing reaction when two aldehyde molecules react by disproportionation to form the corresponding alcohol and carboxylic acid. Another side reaction is the Tishchenko reaction.

Scope

New catalyst systems are actively researched which can bring down the processing temperature. In one study 1-pentanol is reacted with an iridium dehydrogenation catalyst (Cp* stands for the pentamethylcyclopentadiene ligand) and potassium tert-butoxide as a base in p-xylene [2]. A small amount of the diene 1,7-octadiene is required as a proton acceptor.

References

  1. ^ Guerbet, M. C. R. Acad. Sci. 1909, 49, 129.
  2. ^ Guerbet Reaction of Primary Alcohols Leading to -Alkylated Dimer Alcohols Catalyzed by Iridium Complexes Toyomi Matsu-ura, Satoshi Sakaguchi, Yasushi Obora, and Yasutaka Ishii J. Org. Chem.; 2006; 71(21) pp 8306 - 8308; (Note) doi:10.1021/jo061400t
 
This article is licensed under the GNU Free Documentation License. It uses material from the Wikipedia article "Guerbet_reaction". A list of authors is available in Wikipedia.
Your browser is not current. Microsoft Internet Explorer 6.0 does not support some functions on Chemie.DE