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Green chemistryGreen chemistry, also called sustainable chemistry, is a chemical philosophy encouraging the design of products and processes that reduce or eliminate the use and generation of hazardous substances. Whereas environmental chemistry is the chemistry of the natural environment, and of pollutant chemicals in nature, green chemistry seeks to reduce and prevent pollution at its source. In 1990 the Pollution Prevention Act was passed in the United States. This act helped create a modus operandi for dealing with pollution in an original and innovative way. As a chemical philosophy, green chemistry derives from organic chemistry, inorganic chemistry, biochemistry, analytical chemistry, even physical chemistry. However, the philosophy of green chemistry tends to focus on industrial applications. Contrast this with click chemistry which tends to favor academic applications, although industrial applications are possible. The focus is on minimizing the hazard and maximizing the efficiency of any chemical choice. It is distinct from environmental chemistry which focuses on chemical phenomena in the environment. In 2005 Ryoji Noyori identified three key developments in green chemistry: use of supercritical carbon dioxide as green solvent, aqueous hydrogen peroxide for clean oxidations and the use of hydrogen in asymmetric synthesis.[1] Examples of applied green chemistry are supercritical water oxidation, on water reactions and dry media reactions. Bioengineering is also seen as a promising technique for achieving green chemistry goals. A number of important process chemicals can be synthesized in engineered organisms, such as shikimate, a Tamiflu precursor which is fermented by Roche in bacteria. Additional recommended knowledge
PrinciplesPaul Anastas, then of the United States Environmental Protection Agency, and John C. Warner developed 12 principles of green chemistry,[2] which help to explain what the definition means in practice. The principles cover such concepts as:
The 12 principles are:
Presidential Green Chemistry Challenge AwardsThe Presidential Green Chemistry Challenge Awards[3] began in 1995 as an effort to recognize individuals and businesses for innovations in green chemistry. Typically five awards are given each year, one in each of five categories: Academic, Small Business, Greener Synthetic Pathways, Greener Reaction Conditions, and Designing Greener Chemicals. Nominations are accepted the prior year, and evaluated by an independent panel of chemists convened by the American Chemical Society. Through 2006, a total of 57 technologies have been recognized for the award, and over 1000 nominations have been submitted.
Other awardsThe Royal Australian Chemical Institute (RACI) presents Australia’s Green Chemistry Challenge Awards. This awards program is similar to that at the EPA, although the Institute has included a category for Green Chemistry education as well as Small Business and Academic or Government. The Canadian Green Chemistry Medal is an annual award given to an individual or group for promotion and development of green chemistry in Canada and internationally. The winner is presented with a citation recognizing the achievements together with a sculpture.[4] Green Chemistry activities in Italy center around an inter-university consortium known as INCA. Beginning in 1999, the INCA has given three awards annually to industry for applications of green chemistry. The winners receive a plaque at the annual INCA meeting.[5] In Japan, The Green & Sustainable Chemistry Network(GSCN), formed in 1999, is an organization consisting of representatives from chemical manufacturers and researchers. In 2001, the organization began an awards program. GSC Awards are to be granted to individuals, groups or companies who greatly contributed to green chemistry through their research, development and their industrialization. The achievements are awarded by Ministers of related government agencies.[6] In the United Kingdom, the Crystal Faraday Partnership, a non-profit group founded in 2001, awards businesses annually for incorporation of green chemistry. The Green Chemical Technology Awards have been given by Crystal Faraday since 2004; the awards were presented by the Royal Society of Chemistry prior to that time. The award is given only to a single researcher or business, while other notable entries are given recognition as well.[7] The Nobel Prize Committee recognized the importance of green chemistry in 2005 by awarding Yves Chauvin, Robert H. Grubbs, and Richard R. Schrock the Nobel Prize for Chemistry for "the development of the metathesis method in organic synthesis." The Nobel Prize Committee states, "this represents a great step forward for 'green chemistry', reducing potentially hazardous waste through smarter production. Metathesis is an example of how important basic science has been applied for the benefit of man, society and the environment."[8] TrendsAttempts are being made not only to quantify the greenness of a chemical process but also to factor in other variables such as chemical yield, the price of reaction components, safety in handling chemicals, hardware demands, energy profile and ease of product workup and purification. In one quantitative study,[9] the reduction of nitrobenzene to aniline receives 64 points out of 100 marking it as an acceptable synthesis overall whereas a synthesis of an amide using HMDS is only described as adequate with a combined 32 points. ExamplesSupramolecular ChemistryResearch is currently ongoing in the area of supramolecular chemistry to develop reactions which can proceed in the solid state without the use of solvents. The cycloaddition of trans-1,2-bis(4-pyridyl)ethylene is directed by resorcinol in the solid state. This solid-state reaction proceeds in the presence of UV light in 100% yield.[10] Reducing Market Barriers to Green ChemistryIn March 2006, the University of California published a landmark report by Dr. Michael P. Wilson and colleagues, Daniel A. Chia and Bryan C. Ehlers, on green chemistry and chemicals policy for the California Legislature entitled, Green Chemistry in California: A Framework for Leadership in Chemicals Policy and Innovation (http://coeh.berkeley.edu/news/06_wilson_policy.htm). The report finds that long-standing weaknesses in the U.S. chemical management program, notably the Toxic Substances Control Act (TSCA) of 1976, have produced a chemicals market in the U.S. that discounts the hazardous properties of chemicals relative to their function, price, and performance. The report concludes that these market conditions represent a key barrier to the scientific, technical, and commercial success of green chemistry in the U.S., and that fundamental policy changes are needed to correct these weaknesses. The report describes three primary U.S. policy weaknesses: (1) The Data Gap: TSCA does not require chemical testing prior to placing them on the market. However, any test results on the properties or hazards of the chemical that are in the possession of the submitter must be submitted to the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Even if test results are submitted, they may be claimed as confidential and cannot be disclosed. As a consequence, industrial buyers, workers, and consumers may not have the information they need to make informed decision about the chemicals they use. This data gap allows potentially hazardous chemicals to remain competitive in the market, and may undermine the commercial success of less hazardous products; (2) The Safety Gap: Public agencies are overly constrained in their capacity to assess chemical risks and control those of greatest concern to public and environmental health; and (3) The Technology Gap: Together, the Data and Safety Gap have produced market conditions in the U.S. that have damped the motivation of the private sector to invest in green chemistry at a level commensurate with the pace and scale of chemical production; green chemistry therefore operates at the margins of the industrial system. The UC report calls for a modern, comprehensive chemicals policy to motivate new investment in green chemistry by improving transparency and accountability in the chemicals market. The report argues that these changes are needed soon, given the growing body of scientific information on the health and environmental effects of many chemicals, and the expected doubling of global chemical production over the next 25 years. Recommendations include (1) regulations to improve the generation and flow of information on the health and environmental effects of chemicals; (2) enhancing the capacity of public agencies to assess chemical risks and control those of greatest concern; and (3) increasing public investments in green chemistry research, education, and technology diffusion. The report argues that by taking these steps, California can position itself to become a global leader in green chemistry innovation, and that doing so will address a growing set of health and environmental problems related to chemicals and will open new possibilities for investment, employment, and productive capacity in California in green chemistry. See also
References
Categories: Environmental chemistry | Green chemistry |
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This article is licensed under the GNU Free Documentation License. It uses material from the Wikipedia article "Green_chemistry". A list of authors is available in Wikipedia. |