Flexible Mechanisms

Flexible mechanisms, also sometimes knows as Flexibility Mechanisms or Kyoto Mechanisms), refers to Emissions Trading, the Clean Development Mechanism and Joint Implementation. These are mechanisms defined under the Kyoto Protocol intended to lower the overall costs of achieving its emissions targets. These mechanisms enable Parties to achieve emission reductions or to remove carbon from the atmosphere cost-effectively in other countries. While the cost of limiting emissions varies considerably from region to region, the benefit for the atmosphere is in principle the same, wherever the action is taken.

Much of the negotiations on the mechanisms has been concerned with ensuring their integrity. There was concern that the mechanisms do not confer a "right to emit" on Annex 1 Parties or lead to exchanges of fictitious credits which would undermine the Protocol’s environmental goals. The negotiators of the Protocol and the Marrakesh Accords therefore sought to design a system that fulfilled the cost-effectiveness promise of the mechanisms, while addressing concerns about environmental integrity and equity.

To participate in the mechanisms, Annex 1 Parties must meet the following eligibility requirements:

1. They must have ratified the Kyoto Protocol.
2. They must have calculated their assigned amount, as referred to in Articles 3.7 and 3.8 and Annex B of the Protocol in terms of tonnes of CO₂-equivalent emissions.
3. They must have in place a national system for estimating emissions and removals of greenhouse gases within their territory.
4. They must have in place a national registry to record and track the creation and movement of ERUs, CERs, AAUs and RMUs and must annually report such information to the secretariat.
5. They must annually report information on emissions and removals to the secretariat.

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Emissions trading (ET)

Main article:Carbon emissions trading

The Emissions Trading-mechanism allows parties to the Kyoto-protocol to buy greenhouse gas emission permits from other countries to help meet their domestic emission reduction targets.

Joint Implementation (JI)

Main article:Joint Implementation

Through the Joint Implementation, industrialised countries with a greenhouse gas reduction commitment (so-called Annex 1 countries) may fund emission reducing projects in other industrialised countries as an alternative to emission reductions in their own countries. Typically, these projects occur in countries in the former Eastern Europe.

Clean Development Mechanism (CDM)

Main article:Clean Development Mechanism

Through the CDM, countries can meet their domestic emission reduction targets by buying greenhouse gas reduction units from (projects in) non Annex 1 countries to the Kyoto protocol (mostly third world countries).

See also

• Kyoto Protocol
• Clean Development Mechanism
• Joint Implementation