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Eolianite

Strictly, eolianite or aeolianite is any rock formed by the lithification of sediment deposited by eolian processes; that is, the wind. In common use, however, the term refers specifically to most common form of eolianite: coastal limestone consisting of carbonate sediment of shallow marine biogenic origin, formed into coastal dunes by the wind, and subsequently lithified. It is also known as kurkar in the Middle East, miliolite in India and Arabia, and grès dunaire in the eastern Mediterranean.

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They are understood to have formed during the last one million years, and it is thought that the timing of deposition is related to sea level, but the nature of that relationship remains the subject of some debate.

Eolianite occurs in many parts of the world. It occurs most extensively between the latitudes of 20° and 40° in both hemispheres, with little nearer the equator, and virtually no deposits nearer the poles. There is no apparent difference in distribution between the hemispheres, but if the extent and thickness of deposits are taken into account, the Southern Hemisphere has the bulk of eolianite.

Conditions favourable for formation of eolianite are:

a warm climate, favourable to the production of carbonate by shallow marine animals; for example, the production of seashells by marine molluscs;
onshore winds to form beached sediment into dunes;
a relatively low onshore topography, rather than onshore cliffs, to allow the formation of dune systems;
relatively low onshore rainfall, to promote rapid lithification;
tectonic stability;

The most extensive deposits of eolianite in the world are located on the southern and western coasts of Australia. On the west coast, there are over 800 kilometres (500 miles) of eolianite cliffs, which are over 150 metres thick in some places. These cliffs, locally known as the Tamala Limestone Formation, contain layers of dune origin interspersed with layers of shallow-marine origin. Other substantial deposits occur in Bermuda, the Bahamas, the southern and eastern coasts of South Africa, the Mediterranean, India, and oceanic islands of the Pacific, Atlantic and Indian Oceans.