Dipolar polarization

Dipolar polarization is a polarization that is particular to polar molecules. This polarization results from permanent dipoles, which retain polarization in the absence of an external electric field. The assembly of these dipoles forms a macroscopic polarization.

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When an external electric field is applied, the distance between charges, which is related to chemical bonding, remains constant in the polarization; however, the polarization itself rotates. Because this rotation completes not instantaeously but in the delay time τ, which depends on the torque and the surrounding local viscosity of the molecules, dipolar polarizations lose the response to electric fields at the lowest frequency in polarizations. The delay of the response to the change of the electric field causes friction and heat.