Cyanine

Cyanine is a non-systematic name of a synthetic dye family belonging to polymethine group.

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Structure

  There are three different types of cyanines:

• Streptocyanines or open chain cyanines:

R₂N⁺=CH[CH=CH]_n-NR₂ (I)

• Hemicyanines:

Aryl=N⁺=CH[CH=CH]_n-NR₂ (II)

• Closed chain cyanines:^[1]

Aryl=N⁺=CH[CH=CH]_n-N=Aryl (III)

where two quaternized nitrogens are joined by a polymethine chain^[2]. Both nitrogens are each independently part of a heteroaromatic moiety, such as pyrrole, imidazole, thiazole, pyridine, quinoline, indole, benzothiazole, etc.

Cyanines were first synthesized over a century ago, and there are a large number reported in the literature.

Uses

They have many uses as fluorescent dyes. Depending on the structure, they cover the spectrum from IR to UV.

They were originally used, and still are, to increase the sensitivity range of photographic emulsions, i.e., to increase the range of wavelengths which will form an image on the film.

They are used in CD-R and DVD-R media. The ones used are mostly green or light blue in color, and are chemically unstable. This makes cyanine discs unsuitable for archival CD and DVD use, as they can fade and become unreadable in a few years.

Cy3 and Cy5

Cy3 and Cy5 are reactive water-soluble fluorescent dyes of the cyanine dye family. Cy3 is red and Cy5 is far-red. They are usually synthesized with reactive groups on either one or both of the nitrogen side chains so that they can be chemically crosslinked to either nucleic acids or protein molecules. Labeling is done for visualization and quantification purposes. They are used in a wide variety of biological applications including comparative genomic hybridization and in gene chips, which are used in transcriptomics. They are also used to label proteins for various studies including proteomics.

Nomenclature and Structure

Standard chemical names specify exactly the chemical structure of the molecule. The Cy3 and Cy5 nomenclature was first proposed by Ernst, et al.^[2] in 1989, and is non-standard, since it gives no hint of their chemical structures. In the original paper the number designated the count of the methines (as shown), and the side chains were unspecified. Thus various structures are designated Cy3 and Cy5 in the literature.

The R groups do not have to be identical. In the dyes as used they are short aliphatic chains one or both of which ends in a highly reactive moieties such as N-hydroxysuccinimide or maleimide.

Spectral characteristics

Cy3 is excited maximally at 550 nm and emits maximally at 570 nm, in the red part of the spectrum; quantum yield is 0.15; FW=766.

Cy5 is excited maximally at 649 nm and emits maximally at 670 nm, in the far red part of the spectrum; quantum yield is 0.28. FW=792.

The scanners actually use different laser emission wavelengths (typically 532 nm and 635 nm) and filter wavelengths (550-600 nm and 655-695 nm) to avoid background contamination. They are thus able to easily distinguish between two samples when one sample has been labeled with Cy3 and the other labeled with Cy5. They are also able to quantitate the amount of labeling in either sample.

Cye dye alternatives

Alexa dyes, Hilyte Fluor, and Dylight dyes can be used interchangeably with Cye dyes in most biochemical applications.

Cy5 ozone susceptibility

In 2003, researchers at Inpharmatics and Agilent reported in Analytical Chemistry that microarrays which used Cy5 were susceptible to intermittent data quality decrease caused by environmental ozone. Exposures to ozone levels above 5-10 ppb for 10-30 seconds were reported to decrease the reproducibility of Cy5 microarrays. Much higher levels of ozone (>100 ppb) were required to observe an effect in Cy3 ^[3].

Applications

Nucleic acid labeling

In microarray experiments DNA or RNA is labeled with either Cy3 or Cy5 that has been synthesized to carry the reactive group N-hydroxysuccinimide (NHS). Since, N-hydroxysuccinimide reacts readily only with aliphatic amine groups, which nucleic acids lack, nucleotides have to be modified with aminoallyl groups. This is done through incorporating aminoallyl-modified nucleotides during polymerase reactions. A good ratio is a label every 60 bases such that the labels are not too close to each other, thus resulting in quenching effects.

Protein labeling

For protein labeling, Cy3 and Cy5 dyes sometimes bear maleimide reactive groups instead. The maleimide functionality allows conjugation of the fluorescent dye to the sulfhydryl group of cysteine residues. Cysteines can be added and removed from the protein domain of interest via PCR mutagenesis.

Cy5, is sensitive to the electronic environment it resides in. Changes in the conformation of the protein it is attached to will produce an enhancement or quenching of the emission. The rate of this change can be measured to determine enzyme kinetic parameters. The dyes can be used for similar purposes in FRET experiments.

Cy3 and Cy5 are used in proteomics experiments so that samples from two sources can be mixed and run together thorough the separation process^[4]. This eliminates variations due to differing experimental conditions that are inevitable if the samples were run separately. These variations make it extremely difficult, if not impossible, to use computers to automate the acquisition of the data after the separation is complete. Using these dyes makes the automation trivial.

References

1. ^ Johannes, H.H.: Cyanine: Direkte Funktionalisierung, Oligomerisierung, linear und nichtlinear optische Eigenschaften, Dissertation TU Braunschweig, 2000
2. ^ ^{a b} Ernst LA, Gupta RK, Mujumdar RB, Waggoner AS. Cyanine dye labeling reagents for sulfhydryl groups. Cytometry. 1989;10(1):3-10. PMID: 2917472
3. ^ Fare TL, Coffey EM, Hongyue D, et.al. Effects of Atmospheric Ozone on Microarray Data Quality. Analytical Chemistry. 2003;75:4672-4675. [1]
4. ^ Unlu M, Morgan ME, Minden JS. Difference gel electrophoresis: a single gel method for detecting changes in protein extracts. Electrophoresis. 1997;18(11):2071-7. PMID: 9420172

See also

• N-hydroxysuccinimide
• Maleimide