Contract research organization

This article or section seems to contain embedded lists that may require cleanup.
To meet Wikipedia's , please help improve this article by: removing items which are not notable, encyclopedic, or helpful from the list(s); incorporating appropriate items into the main body of the article; and discussing this issue on the talk page.

A Contract Research Organization (CRO) is an organization that offers clients a wide range of pharmaceutical research services. In the Code of Federal Regulations (CFR), the U.S. Food and Drug Administration regulations state that a CRO is "a person [i.e., a legal person, which may be a corporation] that assumes, as an independent contractor with the sponsor, one or more of the obligations of a sponsor, e.g., design of a protocol, selection or monitoring of investigations, evaluation of reports, and preparation of materials to be submitted to the Food and Drug Administration." [21 CFR 312.3(b)]

Services offered by CROs include: product development and formulation, clinical trial management (preclinical through phase IV), central laboratory services for processing trial samples, data management services for preparation of an FDA New Drug Application (NDA) or an Abbreviated New Drug Application (ANDA), and many other complementary services. CROs can offer their clients the experience of moving a new drug from its conception to FDA marketing approval without the drug sponsor having to maintain a staff for these services, which often have limited duration. [1]

Additional recommended knowledge

Safe Weighing Range Ensures Accurate Results

Weighing the right way

What is the Correct Way to Check Repeatability in Balances?

1 Outsourcing in Clinical Research
2 Reasons for outsourcing to contract research organizations
3 CRO market size and growth
4 Shortcomings of CROs
5 Differences between a CRO and eCRO
6 Contract Research Organizations
7 See also
8 References

Outsourcing in Clinical Research

Over the last few years, the pharmaceutical industry has seen large companies use ‘downsizing’ strategies more and concentrating resources on core skills. As industry margins come under increasing pressure, companies could begin outsourcing aspects of their development, manufacturing or marketing processes so as to concentrate on their core specialties.

Outsourcing has been particularly influential in the pharmaceutical industry as the success of a large pharmaceutical company depends on competence in fields as diverse as combinatorial chemistry, computer integrated manufacturing and marketing medicines directly to consumers.

External cost pressures have acted as a major driver for the pharmaceutical outsourcing market. At bottom, the outsourcing market has developed in response to the downward and upward cost pressures exerted on pharmaceutical manufacturers’ profit margins. Given that such pressures are likely to increase in the future, CROs will become more and more important strategic partners for pharmaceutical companies. It is, therefore, in the latter’s interest to consider probable developments in the CRO market and its major players.

Reasons for outsourcing to contract research organizations

Outsourcing offers a number of advantages to the companies. These include:

Reduces the time (8 to 15 years) required to develop and bring a new drug to market
Sponsor can convert the fixed costs of maintaining the personnel, expertise and facilities like data management) necessary for clinical trial management into variable costs
Non-availability of services in-house
Knowledge of regulatory affairs in a particular country of interest
Increased complexity of clinical trials
Increased amount of data required from clinical trials
Multinational and multi-center nature of current clinical trials
Large requirement of patient populations
Regionalized diseases

CRO market size and growth

Global industry analysers estimated that pharmaceutical and biotechnology companies spent approximately $57 billion on R & D in 2005, out of which an estimated $14 billion was used for the outsourcing services offered by the CRO industry.This figure is expected to increase further with the broadening of the spectrum of services outsourced to cover the entire value chain. As the outsourced services to China and India move up the value chain to cover phase 1/2 trials, the total contracts value may go up to $20 billion by 2010.

Shortcomings of CROs

An article in the New England Journal of Medicine [2] reports that the risk of harm to research subjects appears to be higher in a CRO than in a traditional study setting. In one instance in Florida, impoverished immigrants were enrolled despite language barriers to their understanding of the risks, and payments structured so that most of their compensation came near the end of the trial.

CROs are attractive to pharmaceutical companies for cost reasons. For example, CROs reduce costs by hiring younger, less experienced investigators.[3]

Differences between a CRO and eCRO

A Contract Research Organization (CRO) is a type of organization that offers a wide range of pharmaceutical drug biologic and device development services. These services can include: product and process development, toxicology, clinical trial management from Phase 1 to Phase 4 (including study startup, monitoring and closeout), data management and biostatistics, medical writing and regulatory affairs (including consultations and regulator submissions). An eCRO provides all of the above services, but has developed their own electronic tools to support the drug, biologic and device development processes. These tools include: web-based document management (including access and version control, as well as electronic signatures), clinical trial management system (CTMS), autoencoding of adverse events (MedDRA) and concomitant medications (WHO DRUG) and electronic data capture (EDC) which eliminates double-key data entry. Other tools can include mapping to CDISC, electronic newsletters, eCTD preparation for IND and NDA, etc.