Chemical classification

Chemical classification systems attempt to classify elements or compounds according to certain chemical functional or structural properties. Whereas the structural properties are largely intrinsic, functional properties and the derived classifications depend to a certain degree on the type of chemical interaction partners on which the function is exerted. Sometimes other criteria like purely physical ones (e.g. molecular weight) or - on the other hand - functional properties above the chemical level are also used for building chemical taxonomies.

Some systems mix the various levels, resulting in hierarchies where the domains are slightly confused, for example having structural and functional aspects end up on the same level. Whereas chemical function is closely dependent on chemical structure, the situation becomes more involved when e.g. pharmacological function is integrated, because the QSAR can usually not be directly computed from structural qualities.

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Physico-chemical classification

• by molecular weight
• by electrical charge: uncharged, positively, negatively, partially charged
  • formal charge, oxidation state
• solubility
• pH value

Structural classification

Usually binary classifications and combinations thereof:

• radicals, non-radicals
• cyclic vs. linear
• type of major bond: ionic (salts) vs. covalent
• organic vs. inorganic compounds (depends on whether carbon is the main constituent or not)
• (in organic chemistry)
  • aliphatic vs. aromatic compounds

Functional classification

Chemical function

• by functional group

Pharmacological/Biological function

Mostly appropriate only for large biological molecules (as at least one interacting partner), in particular enzymes, depends on chemical functions of their constituent amino acids.

• ligand vs. receptor, coenzyme
• EC number
• TC number
• pharmacophore vs. non-drug

See also: biological activity

Mixed systems

Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical Classification System Gene Ontology

See also

• Chemical Safety: Globally Harmonized Classification System