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Amino acid synthesis



For the non-biological synthesis of amino acids see: Strecker amino acid synthesis

Amino acid synthesis is the set of biochemical processes (metabolic pathways) by which the various amino acids are produced from other compounds. The substrates for these processes are various compounds in the organism's diet or growth media. Not all organisms are able to synthesise all amino acids, for example humans are only able to synthesise 12 of the 20 standard amino acids.

Amino acid synthesis

Amino acids are synthesized from Glutamate, which is formed by amination of α-ketoglutarate:

\alpha -ketoglutarate + NH_4^+ \rightleftarrows Glutamate

Afterwards, Alanine and Aspartate are formed by transamination of Glutamate. All of the remaining amino acids are then constructed from Glutamate or Aspartate, by transamination of these two amino acids with one α-keto acid.

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Protein biosynthesis

Biochemical Processes: Amino acid synthesis - tRNA synthesis

Molecular Biology Processes: Transcription - Post-transcriptional modification - Translation

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Protein metabolism: protein metabolism
Protein synthesis - Amino acid synthesis - Catabolism
Nucleotide metabolism: Purine metabolism - Nucleotide salvage - Pyrimidine metabolism
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Amino acid metabolism enzymes
phenylalanine→tyrosine→fumarate→TCAPhenylalanine hydroxylase - Tyrosine aminotransferase - 4-Hydroxyphenylpyruvate dioxygenase - Homogentisate 1,2-dioxygenase - Fumarylacetoacetate hydrolase
tyrosine→dopamine→epinephrineTyrosine hydroxylase - Aromatic L-amino acid decarboxylase - Dopamine beta hydroxylase - Phenylethanolamine N-methyltransferase
leucine→HMG-CoA (keto)Branched-chain alpha-keto acid dehydrogenase complex - Isovaleryl coenzyme A dehydrogenase - Methylcrotonyl-CoA carboxylase
isoleucine/valine→propionyl-CoABranched-chain alpha-keto acid dehydrogenase complex
methionine→cysteine→propionyl-CoAMethionine adenosyltransferase - Adenosylhomocysteinase - (or MTR) - Cystathionine beta synthase - Cystathionine gamma-lyase
propionyl-CoA→succinyl-CoA→TCAPropionyl-CoA carboxylase - Methylmalonyl-CoA mutase
serine→glycineSerine hydroxymethyltransferase
histidineto histamine: Histidine decarboxylase - to glutamate: Histidine ammonia-lyase - Urocanate hydratase - Formiminotransferase cyclodeaminase
tryptophan→serotonin→melatoninTryptophan hydroxylase - Aromatic L-amino acid decarboxylase - 5-hydroxyindole-O-methyltransferase
asparagine→aspartate→oxaloacetate→TCAAsparaginase/Asparagine synthetase - Aspartate transaminase
glutamateGlutaminase - Glutamate decarboxylase
lysine→ketoSaccharopine dehydrogenase
otherTyrosinase
This metabolism related protein biosynthesis article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.
 
This article is licensed under the GNU Free Documentation License. It uses material from the Wikipedia article "Amino_acid_synthesis". A list of authors is available in Wikipedia.
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