Alanine

Alanine (abbreviated as Ala or A)^[1] is an α-amino acid with the chemical formula HO₂CCH(NH₂)CH₃. The L-isomer is one of the 20 proteinogenic amino acids, i.e. the building blocks of proteins. Its codons are GCU, GCC, GCA, and GCG. It is classified as a nonpolar amino acid. L-alanine is second only to leucine, accounting for 7.8% of the primary structure in a sample of 1,150 proteins.^[2] D-alanine occurs in bacterial cell walls and in some peptide antibiotics.

Additional recommended knowledge

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Structure

The α-carbon atom of alanine is bound with a methyl group (-CH₃), making it one of the simplest α-amino acids with respect to molecular structure and also resulting in alanine being classified as an aliphatic amino acid. The methyl group of alanine is non-reactive and is thus almost never directly involved in protein function.

Sources

Dietary Sources

Alanine is a nonessential amino acid, meaning it can be manufactured by the human body, and does not need to be obtained directly through the diet. Alanine is found in a wide variety of foods, but is particularly concentrated in meats.

Good sources of alanine include:

• Animal souces: meat, seafood, caseinate, dairy products, eggs, fish, gelatin, lactalbumin
• Vegetarian sources: beans, nuts, seeds, soy, whey, brewer's yeast, brown rice bran, corn, legumes, whole grains.

Biosynthesis

Alanine can be manufactured in the body from pyruvate and branched chain amino acids such as valine, leucine, and isoleucine.

Alanine is most commonly produced by reductive amination of pyruvate. Because transamination reactions are readily reversible and pyruvate pervasive, alanine can be easily formed and thus has close links to metabolic pathways such as glycolysis, gluconeogenesis, and the citric acid cycle. It also arises together with lactate and generate glucose from protein via the alanine cycle.

Chemical Synthesis

Racemic alanine can be prepared via the addition of hydrogen cyanide and ammonia to acetaldehyde by the Strecker reaction.^[3]

Physiological function

As a carrier of ammonia and of the carbon skeleton of pyruvate in alanine cycle

Alanine plays a key role in glucose-alanine cycle between tissues and liver. In muscle and other tissues that degrade amino acids for fuel, amino groups are collected in the form of glutamate by transamination. Glutamate can then transfer its amino group through the action of alanine aminotransferase to pyruvate, a product of muscle glycolysis, forming alanine and alpha-ketoglutarate. The alanine formed is passed into the blood and transported to the liver. A reverse of the alanine aminotransferase reaction takes place in liver. Pyruvate regenerated forms glucose through gluconeogenesis, which returns to muscle through the circulation system. Glutamate in the liver enters mitochondria and degrades into ammonium ion through the action of glutamate dehydrogenase, which in turn participate in the urea cycle to form urea.^[4]

Glucose-alanine cycle enables pyruvate and glutamate to be removed from muscle and find their ways to liver. Glucose is able to be regenerated from pyruvate and returned muscle. The energetic burden of gluconeogenesis is thus imposed on the liver instead of the muscle. All available ATP in muscle is devoted to muscle contraction.^[4]

Chemical Properties

Free Radical Stability

One very unusual property of the alanine molecule is that it forms a stable free-radical. This phenomenon is surprising as free-radicals are typically a highly reactive species, and the reason for the stability of the alanine free-radical can not be derived from the fundamental principals of chemistry.

This property of alanine is used in dosimetric measurements in radiotherapy. When normal alanine is irradiated, the radiation causes certain alanine molecules to become free-radicals, and, as these radicals are stable, the free-radical content can later be measured in order to find out how much radiation the alanine was exposed to. In this way, one can be assured that complex radiotherapy treatment plans will deliver the intended pattern of radiation dose.

References

See also

• carbamic acid
• glycine

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