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Acetoacetate decarboxylase
Acetoacetate decarboxylase (ADC) is an enzyme involved in both the ketone body production pathway in humans and other mammals, and solventogenesis in certain bacteria. Its reaction involves a decarboxylation of acetoacetate, forming acetone and carbon dioxide. The enzyme works in the cytosol of cells and demonstrates a maximum activity at pH 5.95.[1] In humans and other mammals, this reaction can take place spontaneously, or through the catalytic actions of acetoacetate decarboxylase.[2]
Additional recommended knowledge
Acetoacetate decarboxylase activity in bacteriaIn certain bacteria, acetoacetate decarboxylase is involved in solventogenesis, a process by which the butyric and acetic acid products of classical sugar fermentation are oxidized into acetone and butanol.[3] The production of acetone by acetoacetate decarboxylase containing bacteria was utilized in large-scale industrial syntheses in the first half of the twentieth century. In the 1960's, the industry replaced this process with more efficient chemical syntheses of acetone.[4] Acetoacetate decarboxylase has been found and studied in the following bacteria: • Bacillus polymyxa Acetoacetate decarboxylase activity in humans and mammalsIn humans and other mammals, the conversion of acetoacetate into acetone and carbon dioxide by acetoacetate decarboxylase is a final irreversible step in the ketone-body pathway that supplies the body with a secondary source of energy. In the liver, acetyl co-A formed from fats and lipids are transformed into three ketone bodies: acetone, acetoacetate, and D-β-hydroxybutyrate. Acetoacetate and D-β-hydroxybutyrate are exported to non-hepatic tissues, where they are converted back into acetyl-coA and used for fuel. Acetone and carbon dioxide on the other hand are exhaled, and not allowed to accumulate under normal conditions.[2] Acetoacetate and D-β-hydroxybutyrate freely interconvert through the action of D-β-hydroxybutyrate dehydrogenase.[2] Subsequently, one function of acetoacetate decarboxylase may be to regulate the concentrations of the other, two 4-carbon ketone bodies. Acetoacetate decarboxylase and diseaseKetone body production increases significantly when the rate of glucose metabolism is insufficient in meeting the body's energy needs. Such conditions include high-fat ketogenic diets, diabetic ketoacidosis, or severe starvation.[5] Under elevated levels of acetoacetate and D-β-hydroxybutyrate, acetoacetate decarboxylase produces significantly more acetone. Acetone is toxic, and can accumulate in the body under these conditions.[2] Elevated levels of acetone in the human breath can be used to diagnose diabetes.[5] Amino acid sequenceMDKYLSANSLEGVIDNEFSMPAPRWLNTYPAGPYRFINREFFIIAYETDPDLLQAILPPDMELLEPVVKFEFIRMPDSTGFGDYTESGQVVPVRYKGEEGGFTIS MFLDCHAPIAGGREIWGFPKKLAKPKLFVEEDTLIGILKYGSIDIAIATMGYKHRPLDAEKVLESVKKPVFLLKNIPNVDGTPLVNQLTKTYLTDITVKGAWTG PGSLELHPHALAPISNLYIKKIVSVSHFITDLTLPYGKVVADYLA [6] Nucleotide sequenceatggacaagtatctttcagcaaattctctagaaggggttatcgataatgaatttagcatgccagctccacgttggttaaatacttacccggctggcccatatcggtttattaatcgtgaattttttat tattgcttatgaaaccgatccggatcttttgcaagctattttacctcctgatatggaattattggagccggtagtcaaatttgaatttatacgtatgcctgattcaacaggatttggtgattacaccg agtcagggcaagtggtccctgtgagatataaaggagaagagggcggatttaccatttcaatgtttcttgattgccatgctcctattgctggtggccgagaaatatggggttttccaaagaagc tggccaaacccaaattgtttgttgaagaagacacgctcattggcattcttaagtatgggagtattgatattgccatcgcaactatgggatataaacatcgtccgctggacgcggaaaaggtatt ggaatccgttaaaaagcctgtatttttacttaaaaacattcctaatgtagatggaactcctctagtgaatcagttgaccaagacttatttgactgatattacagtgaaaggagcatggaccgggc caggtagcttggagcttcatcctcatgcactggctcctatctctaatctttatattaaaaaaattgtatccgtttcacattttattactgatttgaccttaccgtatggaaaggttgttgccgattatctg gcctaa[6] References
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This article is licensed under the GNU Free Documentation License. It uses material from the Wikipedia article "Acetoacetate_decarboxylase". A list of authors is available in Wikipedia. |