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45 nanometer
The 45 nanometer (45 nm) process is the next milestone (commercially viable as of November 2007) in semiconductor fabrication. Intel started mass producing 45 nm chips in November 2007, AMD is targeting 45 nm production in 2008, while IBM, Infineon, Samsung, and Chartered Semiconductor have already completed a common 45 nm process platform. By the end of 2008, SMIC will be the first China-based semiconductor company to move to 45 nm, having licensed the bulk 45 nm process from IBM. Per ITRS, the 45 nm technology node should have significantly tighter specifications than the current 65 nm node. '45 nm' itself should refer to the average half-pitch of a memory cell manufactured at that technology level. Many critical feature sizes are smaller than the wavelength of light used for lithography, i.e., 193 nm and/or 248 nm. A variety of techniques, such as larger lenses, are used to make sub-wavelength features. Double patterning may also be introduced to assist in shrinking distances between features, especially if dry lithography is used. It is expected that more layers will be patterned with 193 nm wavelength at the 45 nm node. Moving previously loose layers (such as Metal 4 and Metal 5) from 248 nm to 193 nm wavelength is expected to continue, which will likely further drive costs upward, due to difficulties with 193 nm photoresists. Intel stated in 2003 that high-k gate dielectrics may be introduced at the 45 nm node to reduce gate leakage current. Chipmakers have since then voiced concerns about introducing these new materials into the gate stack. As of 2007, however, both IBM and Intel have announced that they have high-k and metal gate solutions, which Intel considers to be a fundamental change in transistor design.[1] Additional recommended knowledge
Technology demos
The successors to 45 nm technology will be 32 nm, 22 nm, and then 16 nm technology per ITRS. Commercial introductionIntel has shipped its first 45 nanometer based processor on the 5400-series Xeon(R) platform in November 2007. Many details about Penryn appeared at the April 2007 Intel Developer Forum. Its successor is expected to be Nehalem. Important advances[2] include the addition of new instructions (including SSE4, also known as Penryn New Instructions) and new fabrication materials (most significantly a hafnium-based dielectric). AMD has targeted its commercial production for 2008. Intel's 45 nm ProcessAt IEDM 2007, more technical details of Intel's 45 nm process were revealed:
References
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This article is licensed under the GNU Free Documentation License. It uses material from the Wikipedia article "45_nanometer". A list of authors is available in Wikipedia. |