Three-center four-electron bond

The 3-center-4-electron bond is a model used to explain bonding in hypervalent molecules such as phosphorus pentafluoride, sulfur hexafluoride, the xenon fluorides, and the hydrogen difluoride ion.^[1][2] It is also known as the Pimentel-Rundle three-center model after the work published by George C. Pimentel in 1951,^[3] which built on concepts developed earlier by Robert E. Rundle for electron-deficient bonding.^[4]

Additional recommended knowledge

What is the Sensitivity of my Balance?

What is the Correct Way to Check Repeatability in Balances?

How to ensure accurate weighing results every day?

The model considers bonding of three colinear atoms. For example in XeF₂, the linear F-Xe-F subunit is described by a set of three molecular orbitals (MOs) derived from colinear p-orbitals on each atom. The Xe-F bonds result from the combination of a filled p orbital in the central atom (Xe) with two half-filled p orbitals on the axial atoms (F), resulting in a filled bonding orbital, a filled non-bonding orbital, and an empty antibonding orbital. The two lower energy MO's are doubly occupied. The HOMO is localized on the two terminal atoms. This localization of charge is accommodated by the fact that the terminal ligands are highly electronegative in hypervalent molecules. The molecules PF₅ and SF₄ are described, according to this model, as having one 3-center-4-electron bond as well as three and two other more conventionally described bonds, respectively. In SF₆ and in the xenon fluorides, all bonds are described with the 3-center-4-electron model.

The bonding in XeF₂ can also be shown qualitatively using resonant Lewis structures as shown below:

In this representation, the octet rule is not broken, the bond orders are 1/2, and there is increased electron density in the fluorine atoms. These results are consistent with the molecular orbital picture discussed above.

Older models for explaining hypervalency invoked d orbitals; however, quantum chemical calculations suggest that d-orbital participation is negligible due to the large energy difference between the relevant p (filled) and d (empty) orbitals. Furthermore, a distinction should be made between "d orbitals" in the valence bond sense and "d functions" that are included in the QM calculation as polarization functions.^[5] The 3-center-4-electron bonding model has the advantage of dispensing with the need for d orbitals, which has led to its acceptance.^[6]

See also

• Three-center two-electron bond

References

1. ^ Greenwood, N. N.; Earnshaw, A. (1997). Chemistry of the Elements, 2nd Edition, Oxford:Butterworth-Heinemann. ISBN 0-7506-3365-4.  p. 897.
2. ^ Weinhold, F.; Landis, C. Valency and bonding, Cambridge, 2005; pp. 275-306.
3. ^ Pimentel, G. C. The Bonding of Trihalide and Bifluoride Ions by the Molecular Orbital Method. J. Chem. Phys. 1951, 19, 446-448. doi:10.1063/1.1748245
4. ^ Rundle, R. E. Electron Deficient Compounds. II. Relative Energies of "Half-Bonds". J. Chem. Phys 1949, 17, 671-675.doi:10.1063/1.1747367
5. ^ E. Magnusson. Hypercoordinate molecules of second-row elements: d functions or d orbitals? J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1990, 112, 7940-7951.
6. ^ Ramsden, C. A. Non-bonding molecular orbitals and the chemistry of non-classical organic molecules. Chem. Soc. Rev. 1994, 111-118.